Executive Summary
Sixteen days before Israel's 27 October 2026 Knesset election, an Iranian regime-operated apparatus of Hebrew-language personas is at work on X, speaking to Israelis as Israelis. It is the operation Golden Owl exposed in September in The Other Face of War: Iranian Regime–Linked Manipulation of Israel’s 2026 Election Debate, now mapped to its full extent: the core personas are still publishing, the accounts built around them have been identified down to their creation batches, and the reserve of identities held for the next escalation is visible in X's own records.
This investigation processed 560,439 distinct data points: 70,914 accounts, 136,877 relationships, 257,479 posts, 88,296 X transparency records, 164,075 follower and following entries and 6,873 retweeter records, collected between 11 August and 11 October 2026. Every account that entered the graph was examined on four planes: platform metadata (X's own location and app-build labels, creation date, rename history), content (language, reused text, typing artefacts, machine-assisted Hebrew), network (whom it follows, who follows it, whom it amplifies in step with) and activity (posting rhythm, retweet bursts, reply patterns).
The resulting dataset, published on Hugging Face, documents a coordinated network of at least 694 accounts, each individually listed with supporting indicators and evidence. These comprise 336 high-confidence accounts, 109 medium-high-confidence accounts, 179 medium-confidence accounts and 70 watchlist leads. Of the total, the 445 accounts classified at high or medium-high confidence are attributed by Golden Owl to the Iranian-linked operation. Notably, 623 of the 694 accounts were not part of the September network. An additional 2,169 Iranian accounts identified within the personas' social circles and 3,463 genuine amplifiers were counted separately but are not individually named.
The network's measurable audience exposure is substantial. During the research period (11 August to 11 October 2026), 13,386 original posts and replies from 181 network accounts accumulated at least 4,726,529 views and 160,663 interactions (124,492 likes, 20,655 reposts, 13,743 replies and 1,773 quotes). Across the broader collection of 18,946 posts from 588 accounts, extending primarily through 2025 and 2026, the recorded totals reached at least 18,833,711 views and 238,314 interactions. These figures represent observed activity rather than the network's total lifetime reach: only collected original posts and replies were counted, each once, and engagement figures reflect X's metrics at the time of collection. The research-period figures are therefore the more relevant measure of the operation's recent visibility, while the broader totals illustrate its accumulated exposure.
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KEY FINDINGS ■ A large-scale Iranian-linked FIMI network. Golden Owl identified 694 coordinated accounts, including 445 attributed to the Iranian-linked operation with high or medium-high confidence. Of these, 623 were outside the network documented in September. ■ Millions of views ahead of Israel's election. During 11 August to 11 October 2026 alone, collected network posts generated at least 4.7 million views and 160,663 interactions. Across the broader collection, exposure exceeded 18.8 million views, demonstrating sustained visibility. ■ Israeli identities weaponised for foreign interference. A core apparatus of 326 Hebrew-language personas impersonates Israeli citizens, concealing foreign connections behind convincing local identities and European or American network locations. ■ An organised influence infrastructure, not spontaneous political debate. Mass account creation, replicated identities, 451 matching texts and coordinated amplification expose a systematic apparatus designed to manufacture apparent domestic consensus and extend the reach of selected narratives. ■ Foreign manipulation embedded in Israeli conversations. The personas follow 5,291 Israel-located accounts and attract reciprocal connections, allowing deceptive content to circulate alongside authentic political discussion and through genuine, potentially unwitting amplifiers. ■ A coordinated narrative of despair, division and institutional distrust. The operation amplifies six interconnected themes: the 7 October attacks framed as government betrayal; allegations of corruption and treason; unequal military obligations; war prolonged for political survival; national collapse, hopelessness and emigration; and electoral mobilisation against Netanyahu. Together, these narratives portray Israel as politically fractured, militarily vulnerable and facing an uncertain future, seeking to deepen existing grievances and erode social cohesion. ■ The strategic target is public trust. Rather than supporting a single electoral outcome, the operation exploits divisions over war, leadership, hostages and national security to amplify polarisation and erode confidence in Israeli institutions, military leadership and democratic processes. |
The central finding is not merely the existence of false accounts, but a persistent, coordinated foreign information manipulation apparatus capable of reaching millions while presenting its messages as authentic Israeli political opinion.
The accounts share one construction. Each wears an Israeli identity: a Hebrew name, an Israeli city, a flag, a biography written to pass as a neighbour. Each operates from infrastructure X ties to Iran or from a VPN exit in Germany, the Netherlands, the United States or Finland. Each was built in the same batches, follows the same personas and draws on the same text library. Their objective is not persuasion toward a party. It is the Israeli voter's trust: in the government, in the army, in the state's future and in the election itself.
The narrative set is fixed. Across 807 labelled accounts the dominant themes are the war as a tool of political survival (450 accounts), an explicit call to vote Netanyahu out (407 accounts), Netanyahu as traitor and criminal (342 accounts), Iran's strength against Israel's weakness (228 accounts), collapse and emigration (143 accounts), the judiciary and democracy (137 accounts) and the abandoned hostages (113 accounts). Criticism of this kind is legitimate in Israel. What marks these accounts is that it is manufactured on Iranian infrastructure under Israeli names, in batches, from a shared script.
Beyond Iran, X's own records place 95 Israel-facing Hebrew personas in the Arab world (Egypt 26, North Africa 20, Yemen 9, Jordan 8, Algeria 6, Morocco 6), 17 in Turkey and 39 in countries with no Israeli diaspora (Nigeria 19, Africa 9, Benin 6, South Asia 2). Several of them republish the Iranian personas' text word for word; they are part of the same pipeline.
The dataset accompanying this report (JSON, CSV and XLSX) carries, for every account, X's transparency record, each indicator with its weight and evidence, network links, text matches with links to both posts and content labels with quoted evidence. 139 target-only screenshots captured on 11 October 2026 document the transparency panels, profiles and posts cited, and composite evidence boards reproduce them throughout the report.
Collaboration Note
This research was independently initiated and conducted by Golden Owl®, with the supporting dataset made publicly available. Golden Owl® is collaborating with YSocial on further investigations into the identified accounts and networks.
Scope and Publication Disclaimer
This report is an evidence-based open-source intelligence assessment. It relies exclusively on publicly available material and platform-published metadata observed during the research period. It expresses no political preference concerning any candidate, party, government, ideology or electoral outcome.
Criticism of the government or of the opposition, protest, partisan advocacy and foreign commentary are legitimate and were not treated as manipulation. The findings concern conduct for which the data provides convergent evidence of deceptive identity presentation, coordination, platform-attested foreign operation or deliberate targeting of the domestic electoral audience.
Account handles identify public online accounts. They do not establish the legal identity of the persons controlling them. Inclusion in the report or in the dataset is an analytical assessment, not an allegation that any identifiable natural person committed an offence or knowingly acted on behalf of a foreign state. Accounts at medium confidence (T3) or under monitoring (T4) are leads, not attributions.
Golden Owl did not seek private identities or non-public data. The investigation has no access to login records, IP addresses, device identifiers, registration details or payment data. Platform location and app-build labels are X's own inference and can be affected by VPNs, roaming or travel; they were always combined with other indicators.
Genuine Israeli users who retweeted or followed network accounts are not listed individually. Where the only signals were amplification or follows, accounts were classified as likely unwitting amplifiers and counted in aggregate.
1. Scale of the October collection
The October investigation processed 560,439 distinct data points: accounts, relationships, posts, transparency records and retweeter records. Every figure in this report traces back to a dated platform record.
Collected object | Volume |
Accounts mapped | 70,914 |
Relationships between accounts (follows, retweets, replies, shared phrases) | 136,877 |
X transparency records ("About this account": location, app build, renames) | 88,296 |
Distinct posts | 257,479 |
Retweeter records (who reposted each network post) | 6,873 |
Follower and following list entries | 164,075 |

Figure 1. Objects collected in the October 2026 investigation (logarithmic scale).
2. Methodology
2.1 Research design and data collection
This investigation employed a mixed-methods, evidence-based open-source intelligence (OSINT) approach, combining automated data processing with human analytical validation. Golden Owl's proprietary intelligence technology collected, processed, correlated and labelled publicly accessible information and platform-published metadata from X between 11 August and 11 October 2026.
The investigation processed 560,439 distinct data points, comprising account profiles, posts, relationships, platform transparency records and amplification activity. Building on the network identified in September, the investigation expanded through connected accounts, shared content and interaction patterns.
2.2 Analytical framework
Five complementary analytical dimensions were applied:
- Natural Language Processing (NLP): multilingual content analysis, narrative classification, semantic similarity, textual duplication and linguistic anomaly detection, including indicators of machine-assisted content generation.
- Social Network Analysis (SNA): graph-based examination of follower relationships, account clusters, shared connections, amplification pathways and network proximity.
- Behavioural analysis: assessment of posting patterns, account creation bursts, synchronised interactions, repetitive amplification and temporal coordination.
- Identity and platform analysis: examination of declared identities, account histories, creation dates, location indicators and application-build information published by X.
- Cross-source correlation: triangulation of content, network, behavioural and platform evidence to distinguish potentially coordinated activity from ordinary political participation.
Golden Owl's technology performed automated data collection, correlation, indicator extraction, labelling and initial rule-based classification. Given the sensitivity of foreign-state attribution, all 694 accounts included in the published dataset underwent individual analyst review, with classification adjustments made where warranted by the evidence.
2.3 Indicators, attribution and confidence assessment
Accounts were assessed using 54 indicators organised into five analytical evidence families: platform origin (P), identity and history (I), behaviour (B), content (C) and network position (N), alongside a sixth group (X) containing two zero-weight informational indicators. Analytical indicators were assigned weights between 0.5 and 10 according to their evidentiary significance. The complete indicator dictionary and associated weights are provided in Appendix D and the dataset metadata.
Family | Assessment focus | Principal indicators |
P: platform-attested origin | Geographic and technical indicators published by X | Location and application-build labels, including apparent inconsistencies between declared identity and platform-reported origin |
I: identity and history | Account creation and identity presentation | Creation dates, username changes, autogenerated handles, duplicated identities and profile inconsistencies |
B: behaviour | Activity patterns and temporal coordination | Repetitive amplification, synchronised reposting, reply bursts and coordinated engagement |
C: content | Linguistic and narrative characteristics | Shared or duplicated text, common hashtags, linguistic anomalies, machine-assisted Hebrew and repeated narrative patterns |
N: network position | Relationships and operational proximity | Shared followers, mutual connections, proximity to previously identified personas and amplification of network accounts |
Confidence tiers were assigned through predefined rules combining indicators across evidence families, supported by weighted scores and subsequent analyst validation. Scores alone did not determine attribution, and no single indicator was sufficient to establish high confidence without corroborating evidence or documented analytical justification. The resulting classifications comprise 336 high-confidence (T1), 109 medium-high-confidence (T2), 179 medium-confidence (T3) and 70 watchlist (T4) accounts:
Tier | Accounts | Classification | Assessment and publication criteria |
T1: high confidence | 336 | Attributed | Previously identified personas with corroborating current indicators, or accounts supported by strong, convergent evidence of deceptive identity, operational connections and coordinated activity |
T2: medium-high confidence | 109 | Attributed | Accounts exhibiting strong network, content or behavioural connections to the operation, supported by multiple independent indicator families |
T3: medium confidence | 179 | Investigative lead | Accounts exhibiting consistent but insufficient evidence for attribution; retained for further investigation |
T4: watchlist | 70 | Investigative lead | Accounts exhibiting indirect or limited indicators requiring additional corroboration |
Total | 694 |
Only T1 and T2 accounts (445 in total) were attributed by Golden Owl to the Iranian-linked operation. T3 and T4 accounts remain investigative leads and are not presented as established participants. Genuine users whose only observed activity involved following or amplifying network content were excluded from individual attribution.
Attribution refers to an evidence-based assessment of an account's relationship to the identified operation. It does not, by itself, establish the legal identity of its operator, direct state employment or individual criminal responsibility.
2.4 Operational definitions
Term | Definition |
Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI) | A pattern of intentional, coordinated and manipulative behaviour, primarily non-illegal, that threatens or has the potential to negatively affect values, procedures and political processes. It may involve state or non-state actors, including their proxies. |
Persona | A constructed or deceptively presented online identity designed to appear as an authentic member of a target audience. |
Apparatus | An organised infrastructure of interconnected accounts, identities and operational mechanisms supporting coordinated influence activities. |
Coordinated inauthentic behaviour | Deceptive activity involving multiple accounts that exhibit evidence of common operational control or coordination through behavioural, content and network indicators. |
Amplifier | An account that increases the circulation or visibility of content through reposting, replying or other interactions. Amplification alone does not establish awareness of, or participation in, a coordinated operation. |
Attribution | An evidence-based analytical assessment linking accounts or activities to an identified operation at a specified confidence level, without necessarily establishing individual identity or direct state control. |
Confidence tier | A classification reflecting the strength and convergence of available evidence, distinguishing attributed accounts from investigative leads. |
Observed exposure and engagement | Exposure is measured through recorded post views; engagement comprises likes, reposts, replies and quotes observed at collection time. These metrics do not establish unique audience size, persuasion or behavioural change. |
2.5 Methodological limitations
The investigation relies on publicly accessible information and platform-generated metadata, which may be incomplete or affected by VPN usage, travel, platform inference errors and changes in account activity. Collection does not represent the complete historical activity of every account. Engagement figures are minimum observed totals, recorded at collection time, rather than comprehensive lifetime measures.
Although convergent evidence supports the reported assessments, observable coordination does not independently establish individual identities, direct state control or the effectiveness of an influence operation. Similarly, post views and interactions demonstrate exposure and circulation, not proven persuasion or electoral impact.
All findings are therefore presented with explicit confidence distinctions, supporting evidence and a clear separation between attributed accounts, investigative leads and potentially unwitting amplifiers.
3. Operated from Iran: the persona apparatus
X records, for every account, the build of the app it connects through and the country it operates from. "Iran Android App" is X's own label for the Iranian regional build. Because X is blocked in Iran, Iranian users reach it through VPNs, so an Iranian app build routinely appears beside a European or American location label. The accounts in this section are Hebrew accounts that address Israelis from that infrastructure, and the apparatus of personas built around them.
3.1 Israeli-presenting Hebrew accounts on Iranian infrastructure
146 accounts address Israelis in Hebrew while X places them in Iran or on the Iranian app. They present as Israelis, with an Israeli location or a Hebrew display name, or write mainly in Hebrew without any sign of an Iranian identity, so that their audience cannot tell where they operate from. The example below presents as a Jerusalem culture blogger.

Account | Display name | Created | X: based in / app | Tier | Main indicators |
@shahan59510 | שמואל גולדשטיין | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@NylyZR | נילי עזר | 2025-06 | Turkey / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Hebrew persona in Turkey; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@HSG1997israel | שירה גולן | 2021-04 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@Fatemeh82770 | נועה לוי | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@TomLevanon1993 | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@yamit_army | ימית שלו | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@Ivandray50 | ایوان درعي _ איוואן דראי _ I | 2026-08 | Finland / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@luckyariel93 | אֲרִיאֵל לֵוִי | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@ZrNyly82366 | נילי עזר | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; copy of another persona's identity |
@dm_ylwn83425 | אדם אילון | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@TommySh7671 | Tommy Shelby (טומי שלבי) | 2022-07 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@BrndGpn52124 | גפן ברנד | 2025-06 | France / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Eliana526388706 | Eliana | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@israyNynh85885 | נינה לביא | 2025-06 | Canada / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@vabhzn | yvab.hzn | 2026-02 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@TomShalev121 | תום שלו | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@libicohenone | libi cohen | 2025-06 | Turkey / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Hebrew persona in Turkey; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@NinaL29416 | . נינה לביא (Nina Lavi) | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Arabic script inside Hebrew; copy of another persona's identity |
@azhrh297606 | אַזהָרָה | 2024-07 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; mutual with new personas |
@idoperetz1313 | עידו פרץ | 2025-06 | Turkey / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Hebrew persona in Turkey; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@Tom1994Levanon | Sarah | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@AMAJ_JUDAH | 🎗טליה🎗משמר אריה יהודה🦁 | 2025-07 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@gpn75803 | גפן ברנד | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@prz_ydw22732 | עידו פרץ | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@DavidBenYishaii | דוד בן ישי | 2025-06 | Iran / Web | T1 | based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@SlwTwm54688 | תום שלו | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Zoharadamm | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@dwid562953 | דָּוִד | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@ghafari_mo13408 | Yamit Shalev. ימית שלו | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@Carooll48629556 | Carooll | 2021-10 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@omristernnn | עמרי שטרן | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@hadas_1996 | רפאל נבון | 2025-06 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@mayasegev_1996 | מיה שגב | 2025-06 | Czech Republic / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Noam_Behar3003 | נועם בכר | 2025-06 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Rafanavon | רפאל נבון (Rafael Navon) | 2024-10 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@tom_shalev20 | תום שלו | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@twmlbnwn067 | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Iran / United States iOS | T1 | based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@abedy_mehr47491 | אַרְיֵה | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@109Monzavi | רפאל נבון | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Adam_123498 | אדם אילון | 2018-03 | Sweden / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
3.2 Iranian accounts acting on the network
A further 61 Iran-located accounts do not present as Israelis but act on the network: they retweet its personas, follow several of them, or republish Iran's overt Hebrew outlets. 26 of them retweet Press TV Hebrew or Iran Hayom. In the two months to 11 October, Press TV Hebrew's posts were retweeted by 165 distinct accounts and Iran Hayom's by 193. Amplifying an openly Iranian outlet is not covert activity; these accounts are listed at medium confidence because they map the Iranian domestic audience that pushes Hebrew-language state messaging toward Israelis.
Account | Display name | Created | X: based in / app | Tier | Main indicators |
@heeejokera_j1ng | Teddy Daniels | 2026-05 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September; created 2026 |
@KeminMari95505 | Mari Kemin | 2026-03 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September; created 2026 |
@Harpatqan | majarajo2 | 2025-09 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September; multiple renames |
@nbl255871565775 | آنابل | 2025-12 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September |
@Godofwar1400 | Amin | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; mutual with new personas |
@Reza_editor | 🇮🇷سیدرضا🇮🇷 | 2018-04 | United States / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@karimi_maj33613 | majid karimi | 2026-03 | Iran / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; created 2026 |
@sejilkhibar | اقتدار | 2025-11 | Iran / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; based in Iran |
@MiladMikaeili | milad mikaeili | 2020-01 | Azerbaijan / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@Difani550610 | shahin | 2025-04 | Iran / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; based in Iran |
@mmaminamani | Amin Amani | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@bavalihag | نوسان تی وی | 2025-12 | Iran / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; based in Iran |
@mehrdad2502 | mehrdad2502 khorasani | 2025-07 | Iran / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; based in Iran |
@ivanka2030 | Lasting Peace | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran iOS | T3 | Iranian app build; based in Iran |
@yn775757932009 | sajad | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@a_sahabnejad | Ayoob Sahabnejad | 2022-11 | Iran / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; based in Iran |
@al_aqsa_2026 | Al-Aqsa Mosque | 2024-08 | Poland / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; synchronised retweets; multiple renames |
@imagineafterlif | imagine it | 2025-06 | Finland / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@IPE_UT | فَإِنَّ مَعَ ٱلْعُسْرِ يُسْر | 2026-01 | United States / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; amplifies Iranian outlet; created 2026 |
@lbnwn_twm33566 | Tom | 2025-06 | Canada / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@YU0CqEZohL40329 | ❤️الله💚God is with Iran❤️الل | 2025-10 | Germany / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; amplifies Iranian outlet |
@msadeghsm | محمدصادق سعیدمحمدی 🟥 ☫ 🟩 | 2023-04 | France / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; amplifies Iranian outlet; multiple renames |
@Ali678407295 | Ali abdulmaleki | 2016-10 | United States / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; amplifies Iranian outlet; high-volume retweeting |
@Hannah_N_8 | Hannah | 2025-08 | United States / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; amplifies Iranian outlet; multiple renames |
@kamran_plus | کامران | 2020-01 | United States / Iran Android | T3 | Iranian app build; amplifies Iranian outlet; multiple renames |
3.3 Hebrew channels run from Iran
Overt Iranian Hebrew outlets (@presstvhebrew, @Iranhayom, @IranMilitaryHeb, @Iranhayom2, @Khamenei_Heb) say what they are. They are listed separately in the dataset with the other 41 openly Iranian or allied outlets and officials, and are not counted as personas. A different category is the Hebrew channel that presents as an independent news or media source without disclosing its origin:
Account | Name | X: based in / app | Followers | Note |
@kig_voice | kigvoice_il | Israel / Israel Android App | 10 | Named in the March 2026 Israeli government assessment; its captions reappear on persona timelines |
@xrb2dt | איראן בעברית | France / Iran Android App | 0 | Openly Iranian Hebrew-language account |
@NewsofIsraelWar | חדשות מלחמת ישראל עם איראן | Iran / United Kingdom Android App | 23 | Created 7 July 2025, after the June war; reposts Israeli news about Iran; last post 12 November 2025 |
@KShavurOfficial | Kol_Shavur_official | - / - | 22 | Media-style channel quoting Kol Hamappa; no longer on X by 11 October 2026 |
@kolhamappa | קול המפה | - / - | 39 | Named in the March 2026 Israeli government assessment; no longer on X by 11 October 2026 |
3.4 The persona apparatus behind fourteen reported accounts
Fourteen Hebrew accounts posing as Israelis served as the entry points into the apparatus. The first seven, @vabhzn, @Thearmy55518041, @yvabprydmn, @israusa1989, @maziarsam, @amyt_studio and @lb_wr66262, all connect through the Iran Android App; X places two of them in Iran and five in Germany, the United States or Singapore. Each wears an Israeli identity: a Jerusalem culture chronicler, a Beer Sheva news analyst, a Haifa cultural activist, 'Israel's proud soldier'. All seven are published, five at T1.
The second seven, @TamarBatYisrael, @LiyWor971, @elyah_cohen_, @elias24952, @FazyFry96148, @sadeghi9036 and @Godofwar1400, are published at T1. Five of them were created on 16 or 17 June 2025, and five carry no Iranian label in X's records: they connect from Belgium, Germany, Sweden and Turkey through the web or non-Iranian app builds. Their posts identify them. @TamarBatYisrael, a 'proud Zionist' from Jerusalem, wrote 'I wish Netanyahu were like Iran's leader' and pasted a chatbot's answer complete with its offer to rephrase. @FazyFry96148, a copy of the 'Maya Segev' persona, replied in Persian to the IRGC's media account on 13 June 2025 ('for the Quran's sake, strike') and four days later began posting in Hebrew as an Israeli. @elias24952 calls itself 'Elias Hassan-Abadi', a Persian surname, and @Godofwar1400 ('Amin', on the Iranian app) reposts pro-regime Persian content while following and being followed by the new personas.

Exhibit 2. X's transparency panels for the seven accounts reported on 11 October.

Exhibit 3. What the accounts reported on 11 October post. Times in captions are UTC; times inside screenshots are the browser's local time.
Mapping the network around both sets and every published Hebrew persona on the Iranian app produced 369 Iran-linked accounts that write in Hebrew, 245 of them beyond the reported and previously published accounts, and 37 are Iranians who write some Hebrew under their own identity; these are not counted as personas. The remaining 326 accounts conceal where they operate from. They use Israeli names, photographs and cities, or write in Hebrew with no sign of an Iranian identity. 313 of them meet the dataset's publication threshold, 266 at T1.
146 of the 326 carry an Iranian label in X's records: 133 connect through the Iran Android App and 31 are located in Iran itself; outside Iran they show the location of a VPN exit or proxy. The other 180 show no Iranian label at all, and they are the operation's better-hidden half: 179 of them were created in June 2025, 158 on 17 June alone, and 179 follow or are followed by at least two Iran-labelled personas. They belong to the same batches and reach X through connections in Germany (76), Netherlands (19), United States (16), Finland (13) and France (11). X itself flags 159 of the 326 location labels as possibly inaccurate, and 220 accounts have changed their username at least once.

Exhibit 4. X's transparency panels for the first seven reported accounts and the first members of the network. All panels are reproduced in Appendix G. Page 1 of 10.

Exhibit 5. Profile headers of the first seven reported accounts: Israeli names and cities, and one 'X | Y' tagline template.
3.5 Built in batches
Sorted by creation date, the concealed personas fall into batches that no organic population produces. June 2025: 276 accounts, 243 of them created on 17 June 2025, the fifth day of the war between Israel and Iran. Four share the vertical-bar biography template. February 2026: 6 accounts. Five share the vertical-bar biography template. October 2024: 5 accounts, three of them created on 10 October 2024. Three of the five connect through the Cyprus Android App build although X places them in Iran. Older accounts were repurposed: @Tzurieli1122, created in 2020, has changed its username eight times, most recently in June 2025, and @maziarsam dates from 2014.
The table below gives the creation month of all 694 accounts in the dataset and of the 326 concealed personas. Accounts created before 2024 are grouped by year.
Creation month | Accounts in the dataset | Concealed personas |
2008 | 1 | 0 |
2009 | 2 | 0 |
2010 | 2 | 0 |
2011 | 8 | 0 |
2012 | 7 | 0 |
2013 | 8 | 0 |
2014 | 5 | 1 |
2015 | 4 | 0 |
2016 | 4 | 0 |
2017 | 12 | 0 |
2018 | 13 | 2 |
2019 | 12 | 1 |
2020 | 15 | 2 |
2021 | 13 | 2 |
2022 | 22 | 3 |
2023 | 17 | 2 |
January 2024 | 2 | 0 |
February 2024 | 2 | 0 |
March 2024 | 1 | 0 |
April 2024 | 7 | 2 |
May 2024 | 3 | 1 |
June 2024 | 2 | 0 |
July 2024 | 7 | 2 |
August 2024 | 4 | 1 |
September 2024 | 6 | 2 |
October 2024 | 6 | 5 |
November 2024 | 5 | 1 |
December 2024 | 6 | 1 |
January 2025 | 4 | 1 |
February 2025 | 3 | 1 |
March 2025 | 4 | 2 |
April 2025 | 7 | 0 |
May 2025 | 3 | 0 |
June 2025 | 292 | 276 |
July 2025 | 12 | 2 |
August 2025 | 8 | 1 |
September 2025 | 20 | 1 |
October 2025 | 10 | 0 |
November 2025 | 18 | 2 |
December 2025 | 17 | 1 |
January 2026 | 14 | 0 |
February 2026 | 13 | 6 |
March 2026 | 24 | 2 |
April 2026 | 6 | 0 |
May 2026 | 10 | 1 |
June 2026 | 14 | 0 |
July 2026 | 8 | 1 |
August 2026 | 7 | 1 |
September 2026 | 3 | 0 |
October 2026 | 1 | 0 |
Total | 694 | 326 |

Exhibit 6. Every concealed persona in one view, sorted by creation date (data cards drawn from X's labels; gold badges mark months in which four or more personas were created). The full roster is in Appendix H. Page 1 of 8.
3.6 June 2025: a wartime panic campaign in Hebrew
While Iranian missiles were striking Israeli cities, 179 of the personas posted with one hashtag kit (601 posts): #ביבי_לך (Bibi go), #לא_למלחמה (no to war), #ביבי_כלא (Bibi to prison), #אין_שקט (no quiet), and English tags that include the misspelling #isreal_war, a mistake no Hebrew speaker makes in a campaign tag. The posts are first-person testimonies written for an Israeli audience: a home lost, children screaming in the shelter, regret at being born in Israel, the wish to disappear into the sea. Others claim inside knowledge from 'a friend in the Shin Bet' that 'Israel's story is over', demand that the borders be opened so that people can leave, and insist that Israel lies about its operations while Iran's missiles cannot be intercepted.
The coordination is written into the text. Sixteen messages were posted word for word by different personas. 'Iran warned the residents of Ramat [Gan] to leave immediately' went out from seven personas, first by @dhn6877 at 23:27 UTC on 17 June, then by three more within half an hour. The most widely copied, 'People of Israel, how many times do you think you will live? ... Is it worth your children dying? For what, for whom? For Netanyahu', was posted by seventeen personas, several of them in shorter or longer cuts of the same text. The same IRGC video, captioned in Hebrew 'the operation so far was only a warning', was attached by @BrndGpn52124 and @YonatanSha48473. Most posts drew tens of views; some broke through, and @Tzurieli1122's 'Netanyahu, get lost' received 705 likes and 129 reposts.
|
אלוהים הגדול... איראן הזהירה את תושבי רמת שיש לעזוב מיד. לעזאזל איתך, נתניהו, מלחמתי בן זונה. “Great God... Iran has warned the residents of Ramat [Gan] to leave immediately. To hell with you, Netanyahu, you warmongering son of a bitch.” @dhn6877 (23:27 UTC) and @BrndGpn52124 (23:43 UTC), 17 June 2025 |
In the last days of the war the same personas switched language on command. On 23 June 2025, a day before the ceasefire took effect, twenty of them posted 41 Arabic messages urging Yemen's Houthis to strike Saudi Aramco. They addressed the Houthi military spokesman by name ('Yahya Saree, Aramco is waiting for you. Strike that point, it is their weak spot') and spread an unsourced 'breaking news' claim that Yemeni missiles had hit Saudi oil facilities. @shahan59510, which presents in Hebrew as 'Shmuel Goldstein', posted nine of them. Accounts built to speak as Israelis were turned, for a day, into a call for regional escalation in Arabic: the same hands hold both scripts.

Exhibit 7. The June 2025 campaign. Times in captions are UTC; times inside screenshots are the browser's local time. Page 1 of 3.

Exhibit 8. The June 2025 campaign. Times in captions are UTC; times inside screenshots are the browser's local time. Page 2 of 3.

Exhibit 9. The June 2025 campaign. Times in captions are UTC; times inside screenshots are the browser's local time. Page 3 of 3.
3.7 One Israeli identity, several accounts
The apparatus keeps its characters in reserve. 32 Israeli identities are each carried by two or more accounts, 133 accounts in all: Tom Levanon (תום לבנון), 14 accounts; Adam Eilon (אדם אילון), 11 accounts; Nili Ezer (נילי עזר), 10 accounts; Rafael Navon, 10 accounts; Dror Zamir (דרור זמיר), 8 accounts; Yamit Shalev, 6 accounts; Maya Segev (מיה שגב), 5 accounts; Nina Lavi (נינה לביא), 5 accounts; Tom Shalev (תום שלו), 5 accounts; Gal Rafael (גל רפאל), 4 accounts; Lian Dahan (ליאן דהן), 4 accounts; Libi Cohen (ליבי כהן), 4 accounts; and twenty more. The copies share a Hebrew name and often a photograph or a biography. X places 57 of the 133 copies in Iran or on the Iranian app; 75 of the others were created in the June 2025 batches. Several copies of one character let the operator replace a suspended persona without losing it.
'Yoav' runs as @yvabprydmn and @MBa2021296 with a word-for-word identical biography. 'Tom Levanon' is both a renamed 2020 account (@israusa1989) and an account created on 17 June 2025 (@TomLevanon1993). 'Nili Ezer' was created twice on 17 June 2025, once in Latin letters and once in Hebrew. 'Tal Beer' (@tl_beer and @tl__9800) uses the same photograph. A biography template, two or three short phrases joined by vertical bars ('From the event to the analysis | an in-depth look at today's news'), recurs in 12 profiles.

Exhibit 10. Every Israeli identity carried by two or more Iran-linked accounts (data cards from X's labels). Page 1 of 6.

Exhibit 11. Every Israeli identity carried by two or more Iran-linked accounts (data cards from X's labels). Page 2 of 6.

Exhibit 12. Every Israeli identity carried by two or more Iran-linked accounts (data cards from X's labels). Page 3 of 6.

Exhibit 13. Every Israeli identity carried by two or more Iran-linked accounts (data cards from X's labels). Page 4 of 6.

Exhibit 14. Every Israeli identity carried by two or more Iran-linked accounts (data cards from X's labels). Page 5 of 6.

Exhibit 15. Every Israeli identity carried by two or more Iran-linked accounts (data cards from X's labels). Page 6 of 6.

Exhibit 16. Duplicate personas in X's own interface. All eight accounts connect through the Iran Android App. Page 1 of 2.

Exhibit 17. Duplicate personas in X's own interface. All eight accounts connect through the Iran Android App. Page 2 of 2.
3.8 Persian fingerprints
The operators leave Persian fingerprints inside their Hebrew. Fourteen personas typed the Arabic comma (،) or question mark (؟), characters a Hebrew keyboard does not produce, inside Hebrew posts. Eighteen pasted chatbot output with the assistant's preamble or Markdown markers still attached ('Here is a shorter and more focused version with the same hashtags:'). Nine keep a Persian registration name behind an Israeli display name: @Fatemeh82770 is 'Noa Levi'; @ghafari_mo13408 is 'Yamit Shalev'; @MMoradi95601 is 'Tom Levanon'.

Exhibit 18. Operator traces: pasted chatbot output, Persian punctuation and a shared IRGC video. Page 1 of 2.

Exhibit 19. Operator traces: pasted chatbot output, Persian punctuation and a shared IRGC video. Page 2 of 2.
3.9 Beyond the war: narratives, reach and security relevance
Outside the war, the same apparatus pushes narratives that erode trust in Israeli institutions. @azhrh297606 posted an AI-generated video of former defence minister Yoav Gallant, asking why Israel does not arrest 'Iran's strategic spy'. @David_coohen ran a four-hashtag campaign on the 'collapse' of Israeli tourism. In 2026 the reported accounts moved to the election: distrust of 'the leadership', broken promises and the cost of living, replies under Naftali Bennett, Gadi Eisenkot and Isaac Herzog, and audience-building replies on popular Israeli humour accounts.
Reach. The 326 personas follow 5,291 distinct accounts that X places in Israel, and 331 Israel-located accounts follow them. Mass-following Israelis is how the personas harvest follow-backs and enter Israeli timelines: @AMAJ_JUDAH alone follows 2,352 Israel-located accounts. The personas are wired to each other: 1,370 follow relationships connect 316 of them.
Security relevance. One persona replied to Israeli users with unsolicited offers of well-paid work ('want a good job with a good salary?', 'send a message for cooperation and good income'). Approaches of this kind are the online recruitment pattern that Israeli security services have repeatedly warned the public about. Golden Owl did not interact with the accounts and refers them to the authorities.

Exhibit 20. Narratives beyond the war.

Exhibit 21. What the first seven reported accounts write. Page 1 of 2.

Exhibit 22. What the first seven reported accounts write. Page 2 of 2.
Assessment. The concealed personas are operated from Iran, with high confidence: X's own labels place 146 of them in Iran or on the Iranian app; the other 180 were created in the same June 2025 batches, sit inside the same follow network and were confirmed on analyst review; and their text carries Persian-keyboard and translation traces. They are centrally coordinated, with high confidence: batch creation, duplicated identities, one hashtag kit, identical messages minutes apart, shared IRGC media and a same-day switch to Arabic. The open data do not name the Iranian body that runs them. The timing, above all the surge during the June 2025 war, and the match with the Iranian Hebrew-language operations described in the Israeli government's March 2026 assessment make a state-directed operation the only hypothesis consistent with the evidence.
4. "Israelis" located in the Arab world and beyond
X's location label was compared with each account's self-presentation. Hebrew-speaking accounts located in Europe or North America are, in the main, genuine: Israelis abroad, diaspora Jews, journalists. Hebrew accounts presenting as Israelis while located in countries with no plausible Israeli diaspora are a different category, and the data places them inside the same operation.

Figure 2. Israel-facing published accounts located outside Israel, by X's 'account based in' label. Colours mark the class of location.
X: account based in | Israel-facing published accounts |
Egypt | 26 |
North Africa | 20 |
Nigeria | 19 |
Turkey | 17 |
Yemen | 9 |
Africa | 9 |
Jordan | 8 |
Algeria | 6 |
Benin | 6 |
Morocco | 6 |
Iraq | 4 |
Saudi Arabia | 4 |
Lebanon | 3 |
United Arab Emirates | 3 |
Tunisia | 2 |
South Asia | 2 |
Somalia | 1 |
Palestine | 1 |
Qatar | 1 |
Mauritania | 1 |
4.1 The Arab world
95 Israel-facing Hebrew personas are located in Arab countries (Palestine is treated separately because Hebrew is widely spoken there). The United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Morocco are weighted lower, since Israelis live, work and holiday there; 9 of the accounts are located in those three states, and each carries other evidence. The tier rules require network links or content anomalies before an account in the Arab world is published above T3. The personas below pass that bar: Israeli names, Israeli cities and Hebrew biographies on Egyptian, North African, Algerian and Yemeni infrastructure, with text that the Iranian personas republish.



Account | Display name | Created | X: based in / app | Tier | Main indicators |
@redline123z | קו אדום | 2026-06 | Lebanon / Lebanon Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; shared text with personas |
@yaacouv24 | Yaer Yaacouv | 2025-12 | North Africa / West Asia Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; shared text with personas |
@Noalevy0426 | נועם לוי | 2025-11 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; shared text with personas |
@yamitshalev0 | ימית שלו | 2025-06 | Iraq / Iraq Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity |
@YuvalYitzhk5p2k | יצחק יובל | 2026-07 | Egypt / Web | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; shared text with personas |
@eilanmm | אליאן מ.מ. | 2025-07 | Saudi Arabia / Saudi Arabia Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; amplifies 4+ personas |
@BenhayonDe40527 | דייוויד אלברג אל-שמל | 2025-11 | Morocco / Morocco Android | T1 | classified in September; Hebrew persona in UAE/Bahrain/Morocco; non-native Hebrew |
@NetaKohav | נטע כוכב | 2026-06 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; shared text with personas; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@mws1499826 | מוסא | 2024-07 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@hbh71505 | אביבה אביב | 2026-03 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; its text relayed by personas; created 2026 |
@Omz_ktz | עומר כץ | 2025-06 | United Arab Emirates / United Arab Emirates Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; Hebrew persona in UAE/Bahrain/Morocco |
@AviLevi67 | Avi Levi | 2025-06 | Egypt / Web | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; multiple renames |
@e4ll8a | אלה אילני | 2025-07 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September |
@MBynw96636 | אבישג אבינועם | 2025-06 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; shared text with personas; non-native Hebrew |
@Rivka_Levi1989 | רִבְקָה לֵוִי | 2025-06 | United Arab Emirates / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; Hebrew persona in UAE/Bahrain/Morocco |
@Chopsticks_7_10 | כתב🇮🇱🍅🤘🎗️ | 2025-03 | Saudi Arabia / Saudi Arabia Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@AmitCohen96 | Amit Cohen | 2025-07 | Yemen / Web | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@ytn82922 | איתן יוסף@ | 2024-04 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@AdvaAvisha4092 | קרן פלג | 2026-03 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; Arabic script inside Hebrew; created 2026 |
@levi_lubinsky | Levi Lubinsky | 2024-12 | North Africa / Web | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@Ronenmichil | Ronen Michaeli 🎗️ | 2025-02 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September |
@uhjkkl63748 | אדווה | 2025-10 | Egypt / Web | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; its text relayed by personas; mutual follows with personas |
@YaelCohen782 | Yael Cohen | 2026-03 | North Africa / West Asia Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; shared text with personas; its text relayed by personas |
@MayaNoa16577 | מיה נוע | 2025-01 | Morocco / Morocco Android | T1 | classified in September; Hebrew persona in UAE/Bahrain/Morocco |
@Mikhail62692082 | מיכאל | 2023-12 | Jordan / Jordan Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; Arabic script inside Hebrew; non-native Hebrew |
@David10jun | David Magen | 2024-11 | Egypt / Turkey iOS | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; its text relayed by personas |
@myrtt615 | אמיר טאט | 2024-08 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; Arabic script inside Hebrew; mutual follows with personas |
@yigal79740 | yigal_blum | 2024-11 | North Africa / Web | T1 | classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@GoniKalin60800 | Goni kalin | 2025-11 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T2 | classified in September; mutual follows with personas; mutual with new personas |
@HylhStyyn58437 | הילה שטיין | 2026-02 | Algeria / Algeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; created 2026; non-native Hebrew |
@NovaHirschz1 | נובה הירש | 2025-11 | North Africa / North America Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual follows with personas; multiple renames |
@BynwZ73241 | אבינועם זורע | 2025-11 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual follows with personas; mutual with new personas |
@AAvinoam28948 | ⭐אבשלום | 2025-11 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual follows with personas |
@esteer000 | אסתר | 2025-09 | Egypt / Kuwait Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; machine-assisted Hebrew |
@86Jacob83311 | Jacob 86 | 2025-09 | Jordan / Jordan Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; non-native Hebrew |
@ETwye50616 | יעקב | 2026-03 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; created 2026; follows Iranian outlet |
@OhadSeg | Ohad Segev | 2025-09 | North Africa / Web | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; multiple renames; renamed 2026 |
@j0s9f | יוסף | 2025-12 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; high-volume retweeting; mutual follows with personas |
@yael_noam | Yael Noam | 2026-03 | Iraq / Iraq Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; created 2026; follows Iranian outlet |
@israelle_am | בורגהם 🇮🇱 | 2024-09 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual with new personas |
4.2 Other countries without an Israeli diaspora
39 Israel-facing Hebrew personas are located in countries such as Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia and Afghanistan. A minority are commercial spam or hijacked accounts; those were down-weighted and marked in the dataset. The rest are personas of the same construction, reached through the same VPN and proxy infrastructure.
Account | Display name | Created | X: based in / app | Tier | Main indicators |
@TomLevanon_ | תום לבנון (Tom Levanon) | 2025-06 | Afghanistan / Afghanistan Android | T1 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@trade1168249 | בלוקפי ישראלי | 2026-03 | Africa / North America iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026; mutual follows with personas |
@bukhman1472 | EyalGolanOfficial | 2026-03 | Africa / Africa Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026 |
@KSchuster4468 | Kevin Schuster | 2026-02 | Nigeria / Nigeria iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026; mutual with new personas |
@Oren5612 | ✡︎ Oren | צה״ל ✡︎🇮🇱 | 2026-05 | Nigeria / Nigeria iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026; multiple renames |
@MichealCohen21 | Micheal Cohen | 2011-09 | Nigeria / Nigeria iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; non-native Hebrew; renamed 2026 |
@Orthopedic_sur5 | Hendrik Cornelis | 2025-06 | Ghana / Ghana Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@GsJmi27980 | Madame Noa Kirel Peretz | 2026-03 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026 |
@Noamola8p | Noamalon1 | 2026-09 | Nigeria / Israel Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created since Aug 2026; non-native Hebrew |
@Nathaniel_ben42 | Nathaniel Benjamin. נתנאל בנ | 2026-01 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026; renamed 2026 |
@anthony_ja64630 | אנתוני דאגלס | 2026-03 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026 |
@TamarAzulai03 | Tamar Azulai | 2026-04 | Africa / Africa Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026 |
@MayerJohns70396 | Jesse Theodores | 2025-09 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@nathanbenj020 | Nathan Benjamin | 2012-05 | Africa / North America iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; multiple renames; renamed 2026 |
@LeviNaimi58752 | Nathalie levi-Naimi | 2025-06 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@Adinabathsheba | Adinabathsheba 🇮🇱 | 2024-09 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; mutual follows with personas |
@FreemanMic16522 | Micheal Freeman | 2025-11 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@Silkekuhne14 | Silke kuhne🇮🇱🏵️ | 2025-05 | Benin / Benin Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@isaacAlon_055 | Isaac Alon | 2024-09 | Africa / West Asia iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; multiple renames |
@eliias_Adam | Maya Elias | 2013-12 | Africa / Africa Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@Qa56679 | אברהם ברבי | 2013-01 | Nigeria / United States iOS | T3 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; mutual with new personas; renamed 2026 |
@DDisatnik_ | davey disatnik | 2011-06 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T3 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; renamed 2026 |
@ManiacBegin | מנחם להתחיל | 2022-06 | South Asia / South Asia iOS | T3 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; multiple renames |
@Ray91601867 | מקס הזועם | 2019-09 | Burkina Faso / Burkina Faso Android | T3 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@PedroCapo644163 | Pedro Caleb | 2024-06 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T3 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |

Figure 3. Operational fingerprints of published accounts: X's location label (rows) against the app build (columns). Combinations such as Europe with a North Africa or Iran app build mark VPN or proxy use from a third country.
5. One script, many voices
Independent users do not publish identical paragraphs. Golden Owl found 2,391 verbatim or near-verbatim matches between accounts. Most are ordinary: activists pasting the same campaign call, news outlets mirroring each other. 451 matches are between network personas and form the operation's shared text library.
Account | Account | Shared texts |
@E_katrina_s | @polinaRamannova | 17 |
@HaezrachC | @redline123z | 12 |
@ArgamanEvelyn | @gwldh48971 | 8 |
@WYylwn41269 | @ella_kauf | 6 |
@NbwnRp99225 | @Skylark4030 | 6 |
@WYylwn41269 | @gwldh48971 | 5 |
@AvrahamiDa13508 | @WYylwn41269 | 4 |
@Skylark4030 | @Zoharadamm | 4 |
@TomShalev121 | @nyly_zr15073 | 4 |
@Amiinisrael | @nyly_zr15073 | 4 |
@ArgamanEvelyn | @miriamkozakk | 3 |
@WYylwn41269 | @redline123z | 3 |
@E_katrina_s | @Malishalev | 3 |
@Malishalev | @polinaRamannova | 3 |
@Naomilevil | @NbwnRp99225 | 3 |
@NbwnRp99225 | @lbnwn_twm88439 | 3 |
@NbwnRp99225 | @Ramin37600Ramin | 3 |
@BrhmSlmwn29731 | @NbwnRp99225 | 3 |
@Amiinisrael | @TomShalev121 | 3 |
@HerwtLherwt | @gwldh48971 | 2 |
The library runs through the cells identified in September: the Mali / Katrina / Polina cell, the Cluster B writers around @gwldh48971, @ArgamanEvelyn and @WYylwn41269, and the KigVoice-to-Yaara caption pipeline. KigVoice captions reappeared word for word on Yaara Shalev's timeline 4 times between 24 August and 28 September, each time without attribution. It now also feeds the new accounts. Examples of first posts and later copies:
First posted by | Copied by | Gap | Text (start) |
@gwldh48971 | @ArgamanEvelyn | 0 h | אם הייתי שר ב-7 באוקטובר..." – התירוצים משתנים, אבל הבריחה מאחריות נשארת אותה בריחה. מתי בפעם האחרונה מישהו בממשלה הזאת |
@dhn6877 | @LibiCohen31 | 0 h | אלוהים הגדול... איראן הזהירה את תושבי רמת שיש לעזוב מיד. לעזאזל איתך, נתניהו, מלחמתי בן זונה. #ביבי_לך #לא_למלחמה #ביב |
@e4ll8a | @YaelCohen782 | 0 h | ניצחון איראני מלא מלא! נראה את טראמפ מעיז להראות את הפרצוף שלו בישראל. הוא וגדול הצוררים, ביבי! https://t.co/hA6v2pwl8 |
@ArgamanEvelyn | @gwldh48971 | 0 h | 68% מהמצביעים הדמוקרטים במישיגן אומרים שעל ארצות הברית להטיל סנקציות על "ישראל". וזהו אחד ההישגים הבולטים של משרד החוץ ש |
@dhn6877 | @BrndGpn52124 | 0 h | אלוהים הגדול... איראן הזהירה את תושבי רמת שיש לעזוב מיד. לעזאזל איתך, נתניהו, מלחמתי בן זונה. #ביבי_לך #לא_למלחמה #ביב |
@E_katrina_s | @polinaRamannova | 0 h | @yayafink @AmiDror אני אומר שהליכוד הולך להתפצל לשני מחנות: השפויים וכל השאר. וביסמוט? הוא איכשהו יהיה בשניהם. https://t |
@dhn6877 | @ZmyrDrwr57113 | 1 h | אלוהים הגדול... איראן הזהירה את תושבי רמת שיש לעזוב מיד. לעזאזל איתך, נתניהו, מלחמתי בן זונה. #ביבי_לך #לא_למלחמה #ביב |
@StrnMry50491 | @NinaL29416 | 1 h | > עם ישראל... כמה פעמים אתם חושבים שתחיו? האם אתם חיים יותר מפעם אחת? האם באמת כדאי לחיות בלחץ כזה? האם שווה לסכן את |
@shahan59510 | @nyly_zr15073 | 1 h | > עם ישראל... כמה פעמים אתם חושבים שתחיו? האם אתם חיים יותר מפעם אחת? האם באמת כדאי לחיות בלחץ כזה? האם שווה לסכן את |
@Michal19Shapira | @Bynw200 | 1 h | @itay_almog_bar האזרחים שנפגעו, אלה שאיבדו את הבית, הכלכלה בקריסה - נתניהו פשוט מתעלם. הוא חייב להחזיק מעמד בשלטון ולו ר |
@DrwrZmyr62973 | @ymyt62000 | 1 h | "כל כוחות ההתנגדות רוצים להיכנס למדינה שלנו" #iran_war #isreal_war #Tehran_war #Telaviv_war |
@polinaRamannova | @E_katrina_s | 1 h | בעצם, בכל מדינה נורמלית, בנימין-ה 7-באוקטובר-נתניהו, לא היה מועמד לראשות הממשלה. |
@shahan59510 | @MShr10200 | 1 h | > עם ישראל... כמה פעמים אתם חושבים שתחיו? האם אתם חיים יותר מפעם אחת? האם באמת כדאי לחיות בלחץ כזה? האם שווה לסכן את |
@ArgamanEvelyn | @gwldh48971 | 1 h | @IlanLukatch האם יש עוד מישהו שמאמין שהאנשים האלה דואגים למדינה? ממשלת המחדל ומלך השחיתות מונעים אך ורק מאינטרסים אישיים |
5.1 Copied sentences across the platform
112 posts by other accounts published distinctive sentences first written by network personas. Each author was tested against the indicators; authors whose only link was a shared common phrase were not published. Direction matters throughout: an account counts as a copier only when it published the text after a persona, and genuine users whose posts personas harvested are recorded as sources, not members.
5.2 Machine-assisted Hebrew
Two features separate machine-drafted Hebrew from ordinary Israeli posting. The first is the typographic dash (– or —), awkward to type on Hebrew keyboards and common in language-model output. The second is a contrastive template, "not X – (it is) Y" ("זה לא טעות – זו הכרזה"). In the general Hebrew election conversation (62,039 Hebrew posts by 2,987 authors with at least five posts), typographic dashes appear in 3.1% of posts and the template in 0.7%. Only one author in twenty uses dashes in more than 11% of their posts, and fewer than one in twenty uses the template at all.
11 published accounts exceed both thresholds (at least 15 Hebrew posts, typographic dashes in at least 15% and the template in at least 6%). They include @J_Eliyahu (Section 7), @Musa35m85, @ArgamanEvelyn, @Ivandray50 (Iranian app) and @Lili62M (reply cannon). Israelis also draft posts with AI tools, so the indicator marks assisted production rather than foreign origin on its own. It carries weight because it recurs inside a network whose members share text and infrastructure.
5.3 Keyboard artefacts
Arabic or Persian letters inside Hebrew words, or Arabic punctuation in Hebrew sentences, appear in 28 published accounts. These artefacts are produced when an operator types on a device set up for Arabic or Persian. @Noa2001n writes "وכולנו" with the Arabic و in place of the Hebrew ו; the Iranian personas in Section 3.8 close Hebrew sentences with the Arabic question mark.
A correction to September. The " .. " separator was treated in September as an Arabic typing habit of Cluster B. The October baseline does not support that reading on its own: the separator appears in 5.3% of posts in the general Hebrew election conversation, and one author in ten uses it in at least 20% of their posts. It is now counted only at extreme rates (at least 40% of an account's Hebrew posts, the top 5% of authors) and with the lowest weight. 17 published accounts meet that bar, and none is listed on the strength of it.
6. Amplification: borrowed reach and reply seeding
The operation does not build audiences; it borrows them. Its personas are small, and their content travels through two channels: genuine Israeli users who republish emotionally charged posts without knowing their origin, and a ring of foreign-operated accounts that retweet one another in step.
6.1 Who carries the content

Figure 4. Distinct retweeters of the main network accounts, 11 August to 11 October 2026, by X's location label. Most of the core personas' amplifiers are located in Israel; the overt Iranian outlets draw a different audience.
Most of the core personas' retweeters are located in Israel: genuine users who carry the content without knowing its origin, counted in the dataset's metadata but not named. The layer of interest sits among them. 34 published accounts amplify two or more network personas, among them Hebrew names and Israeli locations over Saudi, Egyptian and Turkish infrastructure.

Account | Display name | Created | X: based in / app | Tier | Main indicators |
@Musa35m85 | משה | 2026-01 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; Arabic script inside Hebrew; created 2026 |
@DaveActNow | Dave Acting Now🏴🚨🏴🚨 | 2011-02 | Israel / Israel Android | T1 | classified in September; published a persona's sentence; amplifies 2+ personas |
@eilanmm | אליאן מ.מ. | 2025-07 | Saudi Arabia / Saudi Arabia Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; amplifies 4+ personas |
@Noa2001n | נועה | 2025-04 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; Arabic script inside Hebrew; amplifies 2+ personas |
@miriamkozakk | מרים קוזק | 2020-11 | Europe / Europe Android | T1 | classified in September; amplifies 4+ personas; self-retweet bursts |
@wh766373893688 | שושה | 2023-10 | Israel / Israel Android | T1 | classified in September; amplifies 4+ personas; synchronised retweets |
@Raya45660356 | Raya | 2022-10 | Israel / Israel Android | T1 | classified in September; amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting |
@Dashaxnepe | Dasha | 2026-08 | United States / Italy Android | T1 | classified in September; created since Aug 2026; amplifies 2+ personas |
@MrkzB8185 | מרכז ליכוד לשעבר | 2025-12 | Israel / Israel iOS | T1 | classified in September; amplifies 2+ personas; synchronised retweets |
@bn_hn88218 | תעוז אבן חן | 2025-11 | Israel / Israel Android | T1 | classified in September; synchronised retweets; amplifies 2+ personas |
@Aron772797 | Aron | 2025-12 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T1 | classified in September; amplifies 2+ personas; synchronised retweets |
@KishMinTuches | YUVAL LESHEM MBA |Anti Regim | 2008-12 | Israel / Web | T1 | shared text with personas; amplifies 2+ personas; mutual follows with personas |
@yahircain | Yahir | 2019-02 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T2 | amplifies 2+ personas; mutual follows with personas; mutual with new personas |
@veyafa_shaa | Working Class Hero 🟦 | 2018-02 | Israel / Israel Android | T2 | amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting; mutual follows with personas |
@tarekdqgj | tarek | 2026-06 | Israel / Israel Android | T2 | created 2026; amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting |
@GilaNeria88797 | Gila Neria | 2025-08 | Israel / Israel Android | T2 | amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting |
@Benno197 | Benny | 2021-11 | Israel / Israel iOS | T2 | amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting; multiple renames |
@YarivA8 | Yariv 🏴☠️ | 2021-10 | Israel / Israel Android | T3 | amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting; synchronised retweets |
@ezec842 | איזי כהן נבארו—אֶרֶץ אֹכֶלֶת | 2014-06 | Israel / Israel Android | T3 | amplifies 2+ personas; machine-assisted Hebrew; mutual follows with personas |
@ChilsonCyril | Dr Cyril Chilson 🇬🇧 🟣🎗️ | 2020-07 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom iOS | T3 | amplifies 2+ personas; self-retweet bursts; mutual follows with personas |
@Maytal_203040 | Maytal🎗️ | 2023-02 | Israel / Israel iOS | T3 | amplifies 2+ personas; mutual follows with personas; mutual with new personas |
@KhadashotOlim | Наталья | Natalie | 2022-11 | Poland / Web | T3 | amplifies 2+ personas; mutual follows with personas; multiple renames |
@AlonaFriedman7 | אלונה פרידמן | 2023-02 | Israel / Cyprus Android | T3 | amplifies 2+ personas; synchronised retweets; mutual follows with personas |
@hassin69 | sharon hassin | 2010-09 | Israel / Israel iOS | T3 | amplifies 2+ personas; synchronised retweets; mutual follows with personas |
@oferdv6 | עופר | 2014-12 | Israel / Israel Android | T3 | amplifies 2+ personas; synchronised retweets; mutual follows with personas |
@jhvQaicogKzhmFF | אסנת ברדה | 2019-08 | Israel / Israel iOS | T3 | amplifies 2+ personas; mutual follows with personas |
@5qncdo | جهير | 2026-06 | Saudi Arabia / Saudi Arabia Android | T3 | created 2026; amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting |
@Namtan394782860 | Nam tan | 2023-04 | Israel / Israel Android | T4 | amplifies 2+ personas |
@natan41140299 | 🎗️🇮🇱 natee 🇮🇱 🎗️ | 2020-06 | Israel / Israel iOS | T4 | amplifies 2+ personas; synchronised retweets |
@yafitelimelech1 | Yafit | 2023-07 | Israel / Israel Android | T4 | amplifies 2+ personas; self-retweet bursts; mutual follows with personas |
@pokii1976 | adrian | 2026-07 | Israel / Israel Android | T4 | created 2026; amplifies 2+ personas |
@nirealechem | Dov | 2024-10 | Israel / Israel iOS | T4 | amplifies 2+ personas; synchronised retweets |
@JustWake2023 | citizen T | 2021-06 | Europe / Europe Android | T4 | amplifies 2+ personas |
@2UsHy7BgyPl85Zz | איילה קורקוס | 2019-06 | Israel / Israel Android | T4 | synchronised retweets; amplifies 2+ personas |
6.2 Shared amplifiers and synchronised retweeting
To examine coordinated amplification, retweeter analysis focused on 41 selected network accounts, including personas and Iranian Hebrew-language outlets. These were drawn from previously identified network accounts with available retweet activity since 11 August 2026, excluding known genuine accounts and major global outlets whose audiences were not representative of the network.
Across these 41 accounts, 213 users retweeted two or more, and 19 retweeted four or more. Across 1,131 posts and 1,508 amplifiers, 3,208 pairs of accounts retweeted three or more of the same posts, forming 12 communities. Of these, 52 pairs retweeted the same post within 60 seconds of each other on at least two occasions; 29 published accounts carry this synchronisation indicator. These patterns are consistent with coordinated amplification, although timing alone does not establish common control.
- Self-amplification: 17 published accounts retweet their own posts in bursts (@J_Eliyahu, @EdenBoker_ and others).
- High-volume retweet accounts: 75 published accounts post 40 or more items a day, at least 70% of them retweets. Volume alone never places an account in a tier; it counts together with account age and amplification of the network.
- Reply bursts: 46 published accounts fire ten or more replies within ten minutes.

Figure 5. The persona network: published T1 and T2 accounts and the September anchors they connect to. Node colour shows the cluster; red dashed lines mark shared text.
6.3 Small, cheap and reply-driven
The published accounts are not influencers. The median account has 14 followers; 540 of 694 have fewer than 100. Where activity was measured, 317 of 658 accounts post mainly replies. The operating method is reply seeding: personas such as @Musa35m85, @J_Eliyahu, @VSeaberg61374 and @E_katrina_s place their messages under politicians, journalists and popular accounts, where Israeli readers meet them inside a conversation they already follow. Accounts of this kind cost nothing to make, are replaced when suspended, and succeed when a single reply is picked up by a genuine account with reach.
X's recommendation algorithm considers replies, reposts and other engagement signals when ranking content, allowing visibility to extend beyond an account's followers. This makes the observed reply-seeding and coordinated amplification architecture particularly effective: hundreds of low-follower personas insert narratives into established conversations, potentially gaining exposure through influential accounts and algorithmic recommendations. The network exploits existing audiences rather than building its own, achieving potential reach at low operational cost.
7. The Turkey thread: @J_Eliyahu and Turkey-based Hebrew personas
An Israeli security briefing in July 2026 warned that Turkey was trying to influence the election through social media; no accounts or indicators were published. The case below attributes nothing to the Turkish state. It documents a Hebrew Israeli persona that X places in Turkey and that operates inside the September network's amplification circle.
7.1 The persona
"Yonatan Eliyahu" (@J_Eliyahu, stable ID 2033702518275051520) presents as a Tel Aviv-born man, born in 1992, a communications graduate of Tel Aviv University "observing the transitions between personal observation and the public gaze". The declared location is "Turkey - Israel". The account was created on 17 March 2026 at 00:30 UTC. X records two username changes, the last in late July 2026, places the account in Turkey (marked accurate) and shows it connecting through the Turkey Android App. It had 27 followers on 11 October. Residence in Turkey is not, on its own, evidence of a fake identity; the account is notable for its behaviour.
![Exhibit 27. Left: @J_Eliyahu's X transparency panel on 11 October 2026: joined March 2026, based in Turkey, two username changes (last July 2026), connected via the Turkey Android App. Right: 7 October 2026, 20:09 UTC: "Before I fall asleep [feminine]: Bibi Netanyahu is a pathetic rag...". The account presents as a man.](https://davupfqgxyzrwuyyigna.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/research/Israel%202/en/pair_J_Eliyahu_about_2026-10-11__J_Eliyahu_post_2107926201729777727.png)
7.2 Five behavioural markers
Taken together, the five markers describe a managed persona.
- Self-amplification in bursts. Of the 430 items on its timeline since 11 August, 176 are retweets of its own posts and replies, released in bursts. On 13 August it retweeted 15 of its own replies between 01:17 and 01:18 UTC. The core personas @EdenBoker_ and @Raamihadad1985 showed the same habit in September. Of the 161 retweets its posts received in the same period, 142 were its own.
- A gender slip. On 7 October it opened a post with "לפני שאני נרדמת", "before I fall asleep", in the feminine form, and retweeted the post on 10 October. Elsewhere it writes in the masculine ("אני זוכר", "אני לא מסכים"). No earlier copy of the sentence exists on X, and its distinctive parts ("עטוף ברעל", "כוחו רק להשחית") appear only in this post: the text was written for this account by someone who did not keep its gender straight.
- Machine-assisted Hebrew. 46% of its Hebrew posts contain typographic dashes, and 19% use the contrastive template "not X - Y" ("הרמטכ"ל בלי מדים? זה לא סגנון – זה מסר"). In the general Hebrew election conversation the rates are 3% and 0.7%, and at least 95% of authors never use the template. The closest match in the network is the September core persona @Musa35m85 (36% and 18%).
- Non-native constructions. "זו הביצועים שלך" (feminine singular demonstrative with a masculine plural noun) and person agreement switching inside one sentence ("שהפכת... שהחליש... שהפקיר").
- Fed by a core persona. The September persona Miriam Kozak retweeted @J_Eliyahu eight times between 22 August and 10 October, often in pairs seconds apart: two posts within 35 seconds on 22 August and two within 22 seconds on 5 October. @J_Eliyahu returned the favour on 28 September. An 18,700-follower persona boosting a 27-follower account in paired bursts is the feeder pattern documented in September with @EapinozaDaniel. @J_Eliyahu also places replies under Itamar Ben-Gvir, Meirav Cohen, Amir Shperling and other prominent accounts, the reply-seeding method documented for @Musa35m85.


Figure 6. @J_Eliyahu, 11 August to 11 October 2026: own posts and replies (dark grey) and retweets of its own posts (red) per day.
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לפני שאני נרדמת: ביבי נתניהו הוא סמרטוט עלוב, חולה, לוזר, עטוף ברעל. כוחו רק להשחית. איזה אסון הוא הביא עלינו במו ידיו, בטיפשות ובחוסר שיקול דעת. לך! “Before I fall asleep [feminine]: Bibi Netanyahu is a pathetic rag, sick, a loser, wrapped in poison. His only power is to corrupt. What a disaster he brought on us with his own hands, through stupidity and lack of judgement. Go!” @J_Eliyahu, 7 October 2026, 20:09 UTC (self-retweeted 10 October) |
Assessment. @J_Eliyahu is a managed persona operated from Turkey and coordinated with the September network: high confidence on inauthentic persona management, medium-high on coordination. It is fed by a core persona in the documented feeder pattern, and its stylistic fingerprint matches the core persona @Musa35m85. The open data do not establish who operates it or whether any state directs it.
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EVIDENCE 1: @J_Eliyahu: transparency panel and the feminine slip
X's "About this account" panel for @J_Eliyahu (based in Turkey, Turkey Android App, two username changes) and its 7 October post opening with the feminine "לפני שאני נרדמת". The core persona's retweets of the account are recorded with second-level timestamps (22 Aug 07:02:58 and 07:03:33; 5 Oct 10:23:14 and 10:23:36; 10 Oct 16:58:04 UTC). Sources: x.com/J_Eliyahu/about | x.com/J_Eliyahu/status/2107926201729777727 | x.com/J_Eliyahu/status/2108903232307155233 | x.com/J_Eliyahu/status/2108903232307155233/retweets | x.com/J_Eliyahu/status/2091030027106156811 |
7.3 Other Turkey-based Hebrew personas
Applying the same indicators across the graph, 17 published Israel-facing Hebrew accounts are located in Turkey. 10 of them reach T1. The others are listed for a Turkish location combined with links to the network, without @J_Eliyahu's behavioural markers, and are leads. Openly Turkish users who write about Israel but do not post in Hebrew or present as Israelis were not listed.
Account | Display name | Created | X: based in / app | Tier | Main indicators |
@NylyZR | נילי עזר | 2025-06 | Turkey / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Hebrew persona in Turkey; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@libicohenone | libi cohen | 2025-06 | Turkey / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Hebrew persona in Turkey; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@J_Eliyahu | יונתן אליהו | 2026-03 | Turkey / Turkey Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; classified in September; created 2026 |
@eli_peled1993 | אלי פלד (Eli Peled) | 2025-06 | Turkey / Turkey iOS | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@idoperetz1313 | עידו פרץ | 2025-06 | Turkey / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Hebrew persona in Turkey; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@LiyWor971 | לִיאוֹר | 2025-06 | Turkey / United States iOS | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@_nadavlevii | נדב הלוי | 2025-06 | Turkey / Turkey iOS | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@slw_yanai1995 | ימית שלו | 2025-06 | Turkey / Turkey Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@DmYlwn7784 | אדם אילון | 2025-06 | Turkey / Turkey iOS | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@glrpl132519 | גל רפאל | 2025-06 | Turkey / Turkey Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity |
@sypjk | עבדאללה | 2026-06 | Turkey / Turkey Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; created 2026; mutual follows with personas |
@lelesery | lele||ללה 🇮🇱 | 2023-06 | Turkey / Iraq Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; mutual with new personas |
@dilges_2113 | Dragon-דילגש✹𓃵 | 2024-05 | Turkey / Turkey Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Turkey |
@ozrekihsan9 | Alexander Sztendel | 2015-11 | Turkey / Web | T2 | Hebrew persona in Turkey |
@EitanMizrahi11 | 🇮🇱איתן מזרחי🇮🇱 | 2025-06 | Turkey / Turkey Android | T3 | tied to Iran-app personas; non-native Hebrew; mutual with new personas |
@burd7247 | אנאל | 2025-09 | Turkey / Turkey iOS | T3 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; non-native Hebrew |
@kolisraelmedia | קול ישראל / İsrail'den Haber | 2020-03 | Turkey / Turkey iOS | T3 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; multiple renames |
Turkey's state broadcaster also addresses Israelis directly. Its Hebrew service, TRT עברית (@TRTHebrew, 3,258 followers, located in Turkey), posts regularly in the Hebrew election conversation. It is an overt state outlet and is listed in the reference list, not as a persona.
8. What the network is saying in the final fortnight
Narrative analysis covered 807 accounts subjected to automated content labelling, based on their profiles and collected posts. This broader analytical pool included 690 accounts from the published dataset and 117 additional accounts subsequently excluded or reclassified during attribution assessment. Accordingly, the narrative frequencies presented in this section describe the wider labelled sample, not exclusively the 694 accounts in the published network dataset.
Content labels give the narrative profile of every labelled account (807 accounts). The six-pillar content model documented in September is intact: 7 October as the "Netanyahu massacre", treason and Qatari money, Haredi exemptions, war for political survival, collapse and emigration, and the countdown to 27 October. The call to vote Netanyahu out is explicit in more than half of the labelled accounts. The operation is not neutral about the outcome; it is built to move it.
Narrative (content labels) | Accounts | Share of labelled accounts |
War prolonged for political survival | 450 | 56% |
Explicit call to vote him out | 407 | 50% |
Netanyahu traitor / corrupt | 342 | 42% |
Iran strong, Israel weak | 228 | 28% |
Anti-Israel / antisemitic | 151 | 19% |
Overtly pro-Iran | 150 | 19% |
Collapse and emigration | 143 | 18% |
Judiciary and democracy | 137 | 17% |
Other | 135 | 17% |
Hostages abandoned | 113 | 14% |
7 October as betrayal / 'Netanyahu massacre' | 105 | 13% |
Haredi draft and unequal burden | 102 | 13% |
Non-political | 79 | 10% |
Cost of living | 78 | 10% |

Figure 7. Narratives by cluster (content labels, percentage of labelled accounts in each cluster).
8.1 Volume of the signature phrases since 22 September
Phrase (Hebrew unless noted) | Posts |
"טבח נתניהו" (the Netanyahu massacre), since 22 Sep | at least 1,000 |
"ממשלת הטבח" (the massacre government), since 22 Sep | at least 900 |
"מזוודות דולרים" (suitcases of dollars), since 11 Aug | at least 299 |
"סוכן קטארי" (Qatari agent), since 11 Aug | at least 300 |
Qatargate, since 22 Sep | 473 |
"הפקיר את החטופים" (abandoned the hostages), since 22 Sep | at least 400 |
"ממשלת החורבן" (the government of destruction), since 22 Sep | at least 400 |
Election will be postponed, since 22 Sep | 199 |
Election will be rigged, since 22 Sep | 22 |
War before the election, since 22 Sep | 33 |
Arabic: Knesset election, since 22 Sep | 280 |
Arabic: Netanyahu and the election, since 22 Sep | at least 500 |
Persian: Israeli election, since 22 Sep | at least 300 |
Counts marked 'at least' are lower bounds. These phrases are used by many genuine Israelis, including Knesset members; the counts show how widespread they are, not the network's output. What distinguishes the personas is the combination: foreign-located accounts speaking as Israelis, pushing the same phrases in synchrony, and turning them into the claim that a defeat for one camp would mean a rigged or postponed election.
8.2 Language profile
Of the 807 labelled accounts, 306 are inauthentic personas on the content alone and 308 are suspicious; 84 read as genuine individuals and were capped or excluded accordingly. Hebrew nativeness is measurable for 453 of them: 51 native, 255 near-native, 130 non-native and 17 machine-translated. 58 accounts switch grammatical gender in first-person Hebrew, the signature of text written for a persona rather than by one. The labels add quoted language errors and gender evidence; the indicators add platform data and network position. They agree in direction.

Figure 8. Hebrew nativeness by cluster (content labels).
9. The dataset
The accompanying JSON file lists 694 accounts: T1 336, T2 109, T3 179, T4 70. Each record carries the stable account ID, the handle, profile fields, X's transparency record, a location assessment, every indicator with its family, weight and evidence, network links, shared-text matches with links to both posts, activity statistics, content labels with quoted evidence, and the tier with its definition. CSV and XLSX editions carry the same rows, and the CSV edition is published on Hugging Face.

Figure 9. Published accounts by cluster and confidence tier.
Cluster | Accounts |
Iran-linked Israeli personas without an Iranian X label | 180 |
Iran-operated Israeli personas (new) | 142 |
Arab-world Hebrew personas | 84 |
High-volume amplifiers of the network | 56 |
Iran-based accounts engaging with the network | 31 |
Hebrew personas in no-diaspora countries | 26 |
Iran-based amplifiers of Iranian Hebrew outlets | 26 |
Hijacked or commercial accounts (original owners may be victims) | 18 |
Other anomalous accounts | 17 |
Cluster B writers | 14 |
Hebrew personas with third-country app builds | 14 |
Shared-text (copy) accounts | 12 |
Core persona cell | 11 |
Multi-persona amplifiers | 10 |
Synchronised amplifiers | 10 |
Iran-app ring | 8 |
Throw-away amplifiers | 8 |
Turkey-based Hebrew personas | 6 |
Iranian-outlet audience | 5 |
Iran-adjacent amplifiers | 4 |
Not listed individually: 2,169 context accounts (Iranian users in the social graph of the personas) and 3,463 accounts whose only signals are amplification or follows, counted as genuine amplifiers. Iranian state media, officials, openly Iranian Hebrew-language accounts and Iran-run Hebrew channels (51 accounts) appear in a separate reference list.

Figure 10. Account creation month of published accounts (T1 to T3) compared with accounts counted as genuine amplifiers.
10. Attribution and confidence
Proposition | Basis | Confidence |
The September persona network is operating in the final weeks of the campaign | Almost every account is active and publishing; the shared text library keeps growing; the core personas were active in the week before 11 October | High |
Israeli-presenting Hebrew accounts are operated from Iran | X's own location and app-build records for the accounts in Section 3, combined with Hebrew Israeli self-presentation, Persian keyboard artefacts and Persian registration names | High |
The Iran-linked Hebrew personas around the reported accounts are one centrally managed apparatus | Creation in batches on the same days, several accounts per Israeli identity, one wartime hashtag kit, identical messages minutes apart, shared IRGC media, a coordinated Arabic switch on 23 June 2025 (Sections 3.4-3.9) | High |
Hebrew personas are operated from the Arab world, Turkey and other countries without an Israeli diaspora | Platform labels, strengthened where shared text, keyboard artefacts or synchronisation converge | High (T1) to medium (T3) |
@J_Eliyahu is a managed persona inside the September network | Self-amplification bursts, gender slip, machine-assisted style shared with a core persona, paired amplification by a core persona | High for inauthenticity; medium-high for coordination |
The Turkish state directs @J_Eliyahu or the Turkey-based personas | Not established | Not assessed |
One Iranian institution directs every published account | Not established: the network combines personas, throwaway amplifiers, Iranian domestic users and genuine Israelis | Not assessed |
The activity changed votes or the result | Not measurable with open data | Not assessed |
10.1 Alternative explanations, tested
- Israelis abroad using VPNs. This explains a foreign location label. It does not explain an Iranian app build, Arabic letters typed inside Hebrew words, shared text libraries, batch creation on 17 June 2025 or coordinated renaming. Accounts whose only anomaly was location, with no link to the network, were not placed above T3. Locations in the UAE, Bahrain and Morocco, and Israeli app builds used abroad, were weighted as consistent with genuine Israelis.
- Genuine activists copying each other. Common among Israeli opposition activists, so shared text with non-persona accounts was down-weighted. The library counted in Section 5 is limited to persona-to-persona matches, and direction is enforced: an account counts as a copier only if it published after a persona.
- Domestic political operations. Coordinated domestic activity exists on both sides of Israeli politics. It is outside this report's scope unless it presents foreign-operation indicators.
- Commercial spam and hijacked accounts. A minority of foreign-located accounts behave like spam or were taken over; they are flagged in the dataset and capped at the lowest tier.
11. Implications for 27 October
The network is positioned for the final fortnight. Its assets are aged enough to look ordinary, numerous enough to absorb suspensions, and connected enough to reach real audiences. Its messages are already framed for the day after: a defeat for the change bloc would mean fraud or a manufactured war; a defeat for Netanyahu would be the victory over 'treason'. The personas do not need to persuade anyone to vote for a party. They need to deepen distrust in the process itself, and they hold reserve identities for the moment that matters most.
Conclusion
This investigation reveals a large-scale, persistent and deliberately structured foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI) operation targeting Israeli public discourse. Golden Owl documented a coordinated network of at least 694 accounts, including 445 attributed to the Iranian-linked operation with high or medium-high confidence. Of these, 623 were outside the network documented in September, demonstrating the substantially greater scale of the operation.
The evidence reveals an organised architecture of fabricated Israeli identities, accounts created in coordinated batches, replicated personas, shared narratives and synchronised amplification. Its distinctive feature is not the prominence of individual accounts, but the collective capacity of hundreds of low-visibility identities to infiltrate authentic conversations, borrow established audiences and circulate coordinated messages as apparently independent Israeli opinions. During the research period alone, collected network posts recorded at least 4.7 million views and 160,663 interactions, demonstrating substantial visibility despite the limited individual audiences of most accounts.
The operation exploits existing political and societal divisions, particularly concerning the war, national leadership, security, hostages and democratic institutions. Its assessed strategic purpose extends beyond support for or opposition to any particular candidate: to manipulate perceptions of domestic opinion, intensify polarisation and undermine public trust from within the Israeli information environment. The findings establish deceptive coordination and measurable exposure, although they do not independently demonstrate changes in voter behaviour or electoral outcomes.
The central conclusion is that FIMI effectiveness cannot be assessed solely by the number of influential accounts or the visibility of overt foreign narratives. Distributed impersonation, coordinated engagement and the exploitation of platform recommendation mechanisms enable relatively small, replaceable accounts to form a persistent influence infrastructure. By documenting this architecture and publishing account-level evidence with differentiated confidence assessments, the investigation provides a verifiable basis for identifying, examining and responding to such operations.
Appendix A: High-confidence accounts (T1)
Account | Display name | Created | X: based in / app | Tier | Main indicators |
@shahan59510 | שמואל גולדשטיין | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@NylyZR | נילי עזר | 2025-06 | Turkey / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Hebrew persona in Turkey; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@HSG1997israel | שירה גולן | 2021-04 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@Fatemeh82770 | נועה לוי | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@TomLevanon1993 | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@yamit_army | ימית שלו | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@Ivandray50 | ایوان درعي _ איוואן דראי _ I | 2026-08 | Finland / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@luckyariel93 | אֲרִיאֵל לֵוִי | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@ZrNyly82366 | נילי עזר | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; copy of another persona's identity |
@dm_ylwn83425 | אדם אילון | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@TommySh7671 | Tommy Shelby (טומי שלבי) | 2022-07 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@BrndGpn52124 | גפן ברנד | 2025-06 | France / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Eliana526388706 | Eliana | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@gwldh48971 | גליה רז | 2025-12 | Europe / North Africa Android | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; third-country app build |
@redline123z | קו אדום | 2026-06 | Lebanon / Lebanon Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; shared text with personas |
@israyNynh85885 | נינה לביא | 2025-06 | Canada / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@yaacouv24 | Yaer Yaacouv | 2025-12 | North Africa / West Asia Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; shared text with personas |
@Noalevy0426 | נועם לוי | 2025-11 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; shared text with personas |
@vabhzn | yvab.hzn | 2026-02 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@ArgamanEvelyn | אוולין ארגמן 💙🎗 | 2025-11 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; published a persona's sentence |
@TomShalev121 | תום שלו | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@libicohenone | libi cohen | 2025-06 | Turkey / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Hebrew persona in Turkey; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@J_Eliyahu | יונתן אליהו | 2026-03 | Turkey / Turkey Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; classified in September; created 2026 |
@TomLevanon_ | תום לבנון (Tom Levanon) | 2025-06 | Afghanistan / Afghanistan Android | T1 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@eli_peled1993 | אלי פלד (Eli Peled) | 2025-06 | Turkey / Turkey iOS | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@NinaL29416 | . נינה לביא (Nina Lavi) | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Arabic script inside Hebrew; copy of another persona's identity |
@azhrh297606 | אַזהָרָה | 2024-07 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; mutual with new personas |
@idoperetz1313 | עידו פרץ | 2025-06 | Turkey / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Hebrew persona in Turkey; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@Tom1994Levanon | Sarah | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@AMAJ_JUDAH | 🎗טליה🎗משמר אריה יהודה🦁 | 2025-07 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@MyqhZ68913 | מיקה זהבי | 2025-06 | Hong Kong / Turkey iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; third-country app build; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@gpn75803 | גפן ברנד | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@prz_ydw22732 | עידו פרץ | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@heeejokera_j1ng | Teddy Daniels | 2026-05 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September; created 2026 |
@DavidBenYishaii | דוד בן ישי | 2025-06 | Iran / Web | T1 | based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@SlwTwm54688 | תום שלו | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Zoharadamm | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@yamitshalev0 | ימית שלו | 2025-06 | Iraq / Iraq Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity |
@YuvalYitzhk5p2k | יצחק יובל | 2026-07 | Egypt / Web | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; shared text with personas |
@dwid562953 | דָּוִד | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@ghafari_mo13408 | Yamit Shalev. ימית שלו | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@Carooll48629556 | Carooll | 2021-10 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@omristernnn | עמרי שטרן | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@hadas_1996 | רפאל נבון | 2025-06 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@mayasegev_1996 | מיה שגב | 2025-06 | Czech Republic / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Noam_Behar3003 | נועם בכר | 2025-06 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@KeminMari95505 | Mari Kemin | 2026-03 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September; created 2026 |
@Harpatqan | majarajo2 | 2025-09 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September; multiple renames |
@Rafanavon | רפאל נבון (Rafael Navon) | 2024-10 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@tom_shalev20 | תום שלו | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@twmlbnwn067 | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Iran / United States iOS | T1 | based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@abedy_mehr47491 | אַרְיֵה | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@109Monzavi | רפאל נבון | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@LibiCohen31 | Libi Cohen | 2025-06 | Germany / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Adam_123498 | אדם אילון | 2018-03 | Sweden / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@yairmani1990 | יאיר מני | 2025-06 | Germany / Iraq iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; third-country app build; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@Musa35m85 | משה | 2026-01 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; Arabic script inside Hebrew; created 2026 |
@MaisMht85126 | יובל - אברמוב❤️⚘️ | 2026-01 | Europe / North Africa Android | T1 | classified in September; third-country app build; created 2026 |
@DaveActNow | Dave Acting Now🏴🚨🏴🚨 | 2011-02 | Israel / Israel Android | T1 | classified in September; published a persona's sentence; amplifies 2+ personas |
@ysrlys6 | נאה איסרליש | 2024-10 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; mutual with new personas |
@dhn6877 | ליאן דהן | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@mikameli11 | מיכמלי | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@MMoradi95601 | לבנון (Tom Levanon | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@DrwrZmyr62973 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@67RafaelNavon | רפאל נבון | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@hbh648767775506 | אהבה אבן | 2025-09 | West Asia / Africa iOS | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; third-country app build |
@HerwtLherwt | ליבי נחמני | 2026-01 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@AvrahamiDa13508 | David Avrahami | 2025-07 | Europe / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; mutual follows with personas |
@GavrielAlon1986 | GAVREIL(גַּבְרִיאֵל) | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@Skylark4030 | דרור זמיר (Dror Zamir | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@EitanMalach | אֵיתָן מַלְאָךְ | 2025-06 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@ShahoShokr31651 | נילי עזר | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@TamarShachar | תמר שחר | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran |
@eilanmm | אליאן מ.מ. | 2025-07 | Saudi Arabia / Saudi Arabia Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; amplifies 4+ personas |
@BenhayonDe40527 | דייוויד אלברג אל-שמל | 2025-11 | Morocco / Morocco Android | T1 | classified in September; Hebrew persona in UAE/Bahrain/Morocco; non-native Hebrew |
@nwa159513 | נוֹחַ | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@GbYlwn69903 | שירה | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; gender inconsistency |
@RafaelNavvon | רפאל נבון | 2024-05 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@milla66tamar | מילה | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; multiple renames |
@tlmqr1990 | טלסי מקאר | 2026-07 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September; created 2026 |
@israusa1989 | תום לבנון | 2020-08 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Arabic script inside Hebrew; copy of another persona's identity |
@DmYlwn6457 | אדם אילון | 2025-06 | Finland / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@netahadari95 | 🇮🇱נטע הדרי | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@adamilanor72511 | Adam ilanor | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@WmrKz36792 | עומר כץ | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@LevanonThomas | תום לבנון-Thomas Levanon | 2025-06 | Finland / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@LiyWor971 | לִיאוֹר | 2025-06 | Turkey / United States iOS | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@LynwrR79291 | אלינור רום | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@DgnYh45890p | מאיה דגן | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@AdamIlon80 | אדם אילון | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@mardeankabooti | אלון שטראוס | 2019-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@NetaKohav | נטע כוכב | 2026-06 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; shared text with personas; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@LioraNetanyahu | לִיאוֹרָה נְתַנְיָהוּ | 2025-06 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@Noa_Eliyaho_ | נעה־אליהו | 2025-06 | Sweden / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; gender inconsistency |
@Edenlavii | Eden lavi | 2025-06 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; gender inconsistency |
@noya1811 | נויה הדר | 2025-06 | Sweden / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; gender inconsistency |
@l_wry2894 | אוריאל לוי-בר | 2025-06 | Finland / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@elinorcohenl | אלינור כהן | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@ZmyrDrwr57113 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06 | Estonia / Estonia Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@_nadavlevii | נדב הלוי | 2025-06 | Turkey / Turkey iOS | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@ymyt62000 | ימית שלו | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Noam1992B | נועם בכר | 2025-06 | United States / France Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@slw_yanai1995 | ימית שלו | 2025-06 | Turkey / Turkey Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@DmYlwn7784 | אדם אילון | 2025-06 | Turkey / Turkey iOS | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@rh_ly10319 | יערה צוריאלי | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Malishalev | Mali Shalev שלו מלי | 2026-07 | United States / Web | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; created 2026 |
@nbl255871565775 | آنابل | 2025-12 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; classified in September |
@idmyokhdi | Or Yisha | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@Eitan_1999 | איתן | 2025-06 | Finland / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@nyly_zr15073 | נילי עזר | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; mutual with new personas |
@DmYlwn57582 | אדם אילון | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@Levy200050 | אנה להפסיד | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@liambenyamin | ליאם בנימין | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@LwyNw33475 | נועה כהן | 2025-06 | Germany / Turkey iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; third-country app build; non-native Hebrew |
@Rafael31333 | רפאל נבון | 2025-06 | Germany / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@EapinozaDaniel | דניאל | 2014-05 | United States / United States iOS | T1 | classified in September; self-retweet bursts; gender inconsistency |
@WYylwn41269 | אורית אלוני | 2025-10 | Europe / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; published a persona's sentence |
@softco661 | יאיר מני | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; ' .. ' separator |
@ArtaHirad95365 | אלי פלד | 2025-06 | Europe / West Asia Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@GwlnSyrh59984 | שירה גולן | 2025-06 | Switzerland / Netherlands iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@lbnwn_twm78619 | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Germany / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; Arabic script inside Hebrew; copy of another persona's identity |
@ZmyrDrwr6852 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@LeAmiy65024 | לֵאוֹרָה בֶּן־עַמִּי | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@polinaRamannova | Полина Романова פולינה רומנו | 2026-06 | United States / Web | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; created 2026 |
@mws1499826 | מוסא | 2024-07 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@hbh71505 | אביבה אביב | 2026-03 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; its text relayed by personas; created 2026 |
@NetanyahUnseen | 🎭 Benjamin Netanyahu 🎭 | 2026-02 | Iran / Web | T1 | based in Iran; Arabic script inside Hebrew; created 2026 |
@haiimab2001 | חיים אב | 2024-11 | Iran / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; based in Iran |
@NiliEzerr | Nili Ezer | 2025-06 | France / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@Tzurieli1122 | יערה צוריאלי | 2020-08 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@dearleora | Leora | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; gender inconsistency |
@lbnwn_twm73649 | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@BnymynQrny46021 | בנימין קרני | 2025-06 | Bulgaria / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@mry21170 | עמרי שטרן | 2025-06 | Germany / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@lbnwn_twm88439 | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Belgium / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Omz_ktz | עומר כץ | 2025-06 | United Arab Emirates / United Arab Emirates Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; Hebrew persona in UAE/Bahrain/Morocco |
@KhrsndYara38713 | זוהר יעקובי (Zohar Yaakobi) | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@downwithisrael_ | לירון מזרחי | 2025-06 | Germany / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@NbwnRp99225 | רפאל נבון | 2025-06 | United States / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@NiliEzerOficial | נילי עזר | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@E_katrina_s | Екатерина Смирнова | 2026-04 | Europe / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; created 2026 |
@Michael53du_X | Michael🇮🇱 | 2026-03 | West Asia / Web | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; created 2026 |
@Noa2001n | נועה | 2025-04 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; Arabic script inside Hebrew; amplifies 2+ personas |
@miriamkozakk | מרים קוזק | 2020-11 | Europe / Europe Android | T1 | classified in September; amplifies 4+ personas; self-retweet bursts |
@Lili62M | Lili62M | 2026-05 | Romania / Ukraine Android | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; created 2026 |
@AviLevi67 | Avi Levi | 2025-06 | Egypt / Web | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; multiple renames |
@e4ll8a | אלה אילני | 2025-07 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September |
@wh766373893688 | שושה | 2023-10 | Israel / Israel Android | T1 | classified in September; amplifies 4+ personas; synchronised retweets |
@tl__9800 | טלBeer | 2026-08 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Arabic script inside Hebrew; created since Aug 2026 |
@ZmyrDrwr64216 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; mutual with new personas |
@LbyNynh45121 | נינה לביא | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@TamarBatYisrael | תמר בת ישראל | 2025-06 | Belgium / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@Amiinisrael | אמין | 2025-06 | France / France Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@Mikazhava | מיקה זהבי | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@Shiralevi6699 | Shira levi | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@AmelaiaPrance | אמיליה פרנס | 2026-06 | United States / Web | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; created 2026 |
@MBynw96636 | אבישג אבינועם | 2025-06 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; shared text with personas; non-native Hebrew |
@Rafaelroma136 | RafaelN | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@Mohamma80063220 | NILI EZER | 2018-05 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@Adamianilonian | אדם אילון | 2025-06 | Finland / Finland iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@MyhSgb26162 | מיה שגב | 2025-06 | France / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; synchronised retweets |
@Rivka_Levi1989 | רִבְקָה לֵוִי | 2025-06 | United Arab Emirates / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; Hebrew persona in UAE/Bahrain/Morocco |
@DmYlwn1989 | אדם אילון | 2025-06 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Chopsticks_7_10 | כתב🇮🇱🍅🤘🎗️ | 2025-03 | Saudi Arabia / Saudi Arabia Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@AmitCohen96 | Amit Cohen | 2025-07 | Yemen / Web | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@Raya45660356 | Raya | 2022-10 | Israel / Israel Android | T1 | classified in September; amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting |
@Idan_barne | 🟣idan🎗️ | 2025-07 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; non-native Hebrew; follows Iranian outlet |
@myh_vv | מיה שגב | 2025-06 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; gender inconsistency |
@sadeghi9036 | מיה שגב | 2024-12 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; mutual with new personas |
@yw18880 | יואב מזרחי | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@liambenjamin40 | ליאם בנימין | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@zax137979 | 🦁🇮🇱אֲרִיאֵל | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@eitanmor37036 | Yonatan Keidar | 2025-06 | United States / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@GalRafaelll | גל רפאל | 2025-06 | United States / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@noalevi__ | נועה | 2025-06 | Finland / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@glrpl1851761 | גל רפאל | 2025-06 | Finland / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@AdamIlon28 | אדם אילון | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@ella_kauf | אלה קאופמן | 2026-07 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; created 2026 |
@VSeaberg61374 | Vanessa Seaberg | 2026-05 | Romania / Ukraine Android | T1 | classified in September; Arabic script inside Hebrew; created 2026 |
@ytn82922 | איתן יוסף@ | 2024-04 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@yvabprydmn | יואב | 2026-02 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; created 2026; non-native Hebrew |
@netahadari | נטע הדרי | 2025-06 | Iran / United States iOS | T1 | based in Iran; copy of another persona's identity; mutual with new personas |
@rp69700 | רפאל נבון | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@cohenroni167 | roni | 2025-06 | Finland / Finland Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@LynwrR61737 | אלינור רום | 2025-06 | Finland / Finland iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@Amircohenn | עמיר כהן | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@AdvaAvisha4092 | קרן פלג | 2026-03 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; Arabic script inside Hebrew; created 2026 |
@marridalenno12 | marrida lenno | 2026-05 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; created 2026; mutual with new personas |
@maziarsam | גל · צילום | 2014-07 | Singapore / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Arabic script inside Hebrew; non-native Hebrew |
@YonatanSha48473 | יונתן שלו | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; mutual with new personas; ' .. ' separator |
@Jacoblevi1997 | יַעֲקֹב לֵוִי | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@mama38039 | תום לבנון | 2024-04 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity |
@Ramin37600Ramin | Ramin | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@StrnMry50491 | עמרי שטרן | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@IamErfxn | Erf | 2025-06 | Poland / Poland iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; synchronised retweets |
@riyl166406 | אֲרִיאֵל | 2025-06 | Poland / Poland iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@Galrafael162766 | Gal rafael גל רפאל | 2025-06 | Germany / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@Ayelet_Goren_ | אילת גורן | 2017-01 | Netherlands / United States Android | T1 | classified in September; self-retweet bursts; gender inconsistency |
@levi_lubinsky | Levi Lubinsky | 2024-12 | North Africa / Web | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@Thearmy55518041 | טל (פרידמן) | 2026-02 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; created 2026; mutual with new personas |
@tom16180Slw | תום שלו | 2025-06 | Germany / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@NiliEzer2025 | נילי עזר | 2025-06 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@mikazahavi1999 | Mika Zahavi | 2025-06 | United States / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@DanaRosen4799 | דנה רוזן (Dana Rosen) | 2025-06 | Iran / United States iOS | T1 | based in Iran; mutual with new personas |
@yaarashalev | Yaara 🇮🇱🎗 | 2012-11 | North America / Web | T1 | classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@Dashaxnepe | Dasha | 2026-08 | United States / Italy Android | T1 | classified in September; created since Aug 2026; amplifies 2+ personas |
@Ronenmichil | Ronen Michaeli 🎗️ | 2025-02 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; classified in September |
@MrkzB8185 | מרכז ליכוד לשעבר | 2025-12 | Israel / Israel iOS | T1 | classified in September; amplifies 2+ personas; synchronised retweets |
@uhjkkl63748 | אדווה | 2025-10 | Egypt / Web | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; its text relayed by personas; mutual follows with personas |
@EytanLewiy36366 | ✡️ אֵיתָן לֵוִי | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; mutual with new personas |
@lbnwn1573 | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity |
@miladdf05 | לירון מזרחי | 2024-07 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity |
@drorzamir1986 | גיא סהר | 2025-06 | Austria / Austria Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; synchronised retweets |
@noam_iz | Noam Yitzhaki | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@glrpl132519 | גל רפאל | 2025-06 | Turkey / Turkey Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity |
@YonatanLevi1996 | Yonatan Levi | 2025-06 | France / France Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@Twm59761Slw | תום שלו | 2025-06 | Finland / Finland iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; mutual with new personas |
@BenZion_X | Idan Levi | 2025-06 | Canada / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity |
@levronii | רוני לב | 2025-06 | Iran / United Kingdom iOS | T1 | based in Iran; copy of another persona's identity; multiple renames |
@DwdBn43162 | דוד בן גוריון | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@mwmd735503 | נועה | 2025-06 | France / France iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; gender inconsistency |
@riyl196610 | אֲרִיאֵל | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@orenavital_ | אביטל אורן | 2025-06 | Germany / United Kingdom iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@YaelCohen782 | Yael Cohen | 2026-03 | North Africa / West Asia Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; shared text with personas; its text relayed by personas |
@theEzraLang | Ezra Lang | 2025-06 | Finland / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; synchronised retweets; mutual with new personas |
@chaim8279 | חַיִּים | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@Libiyt | ליבי כהן | 2025-06 | Germany / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@MyqhZ33553 | מיקה זהבי | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; synchronised retweets |
@Ella_Tzur | Ella Tzur | 2025-06 | Germany / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@LyPld16375 | אלי פלד | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@LwyNw9629 | נועם לוי | 2025-06 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@bn_hn88218 | תעוז אבן חן | 2025-11 | Israel / Israel Android | T1 | classified in September; synchronised retweets; amplifies 2+ personas |
@Tomish1189513 | Tomish | 2023-10 | Israel / Israel iOS | T1 | classified in September; high-volume retweeting; synchronised retweets |
@Michal19Shapira | מיכל שפירא | 2026-02 | Europe / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; shared text with personas; created 2026 |
@David_coohen | David | 2025-03 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; non-native Hebrew |
@beni_harum | בנימין רוצח הילדים | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; mutual with new personas |
@nw95157 | נועם לוי | 2025-06 | Germany / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@Illyaheydar | איליה חיידר | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@kheybaryam | omer | 2025-06 | Cyprus / Cyprus iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@LyDhn3815 | אלה צור | 2025-06 | Finland / Finland iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@danielkohen17 | דניאל כהן | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@128Colonel7472 | סמואל בלאק 🖤 | 2025-06 | Japan / Japan Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@Naomilevil | נעמי לוי | 2025-06 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@Ssss620485Aaaa | רפאל נבון | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@EdenBoker_ | עדן | 2013-03 | Netherlands / Web | T1 | classified in September; self-retweet bursts; machine-assisted Hebrew |
@MayaNoa16577 | מיה נוע | 2025-01 | Morocco / Morocco Android | T1 | classified in September; Hebrew persona in UAE/Bahrain/Morocco |
@sephiroth1369 | sephiroth | 2023-04 | Iran / Germany Android | T1 | based in Iran; non-native Hebrew; follows Iranian outlet |
@sara_admir | לא לעושק, כן לרווחה | 2025-03 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; multiple renames |
@MShyling | יָאִיר כֹּהֵן | 2022-12 | United Kingdom / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; Arabic script inside Hebrew |
@LianDahan69 | ליאן דהן | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@sham10735 | שִׁמְשׁוֹן 🇮🇱 | 2025-06 | United States / United States Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@shamisagurin | ליאן דהן | 2025-06 | United States / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; gender inconsistency |
@Adamlon84 | אדם אילון | 2025-06 | United Kingdom / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@hbnry154918 | ֵאָה בן ארי | 2025-06 | Poland / Poland iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@hwd_l96 | הוד בר־לב | 2025-06 | Europe / West Asia Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@Stella241139286 | Stella | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@NbwnRp1998 | רפאל נבון | 2025-06 | United Kingdom / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; copy of another persona's identity |
@ZoharYaakobi1 | זוהר יעקובי | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@Aron772797 | Aron | 2025-12 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T1 | classified in September; amplifies 2+ personas; synchronised retweets |
@Mikhail62692082 | מיכאל | 2023-12 | Jordan / Jordan Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; Arabic script inside Hebrew; non-native Hebrew |
@jhg50379 | הפלג המערבי | 2024-09 | Iran / Cyprus Android | T1 | based in Iran; mutual with new personas |
@yqb1126775 | יעקב | 2024-10 | Iran / Cyprus Android | T1 | based in Iran; mutual with new personas |
@NoamLV333 | נוֹעַם לֵוִי | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; non-native Hebrew |
@YamitShalev00 | ימית שלו | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@YaIyr71302 | יָאִיר | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@NinaL97619 | Nina lavi | 2025-06 | United States / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; mutual with new personas |
@TomerAlon09 | תומר אלון | 2026-01 | West Asia / Web | T1 | classified in September; created 2026; non-native Hebrew |
@Yara141516 | 🦋⚔️ 𓆩 𝐘 𝐀 𝐑 𝐀 𝐒 𝐇 𝐑 𝐎 𝐍 𓆪 ⚔️ | 2026-06 | Morocco / Web | T1 | classified in September; created 2026 |
@mega_night123 | simone | 2025-06 | Bulgaria / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@ZmyDve | דוד זמיר | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@TaliaBarShalom | טליה בר שלום 🌟 | 2025-06 | Poland / Poland Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; gender inconsistency |
@NiliEzer35 | נילי עזר | 2025-06 | Germany / Cyprus iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; synchronised retweets |
@RoniLev497106 | Roni Lev | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; mutual with new personas |
@Drorzamir67 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06 | Germany / Romania Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@LironMizra1990 | לירון מזרחי | Liron Mizrah | 2025-06 | Germany / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@David10jun | David Magen | 2024-11 | Egypt / Turkey iOS | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; its text relayed by personas |
@yq499 | יצחק | 2024-10 | Iran / Cyprus Android | T1 | based in Iran; mutual with new personas |
@ZbYym7263 | ציוצים צבאיים | 2024-10 | Iran / Cyprus Android | T1 | based in Iran; mutual with new personas |
@niralevi1990a | נירה לוי | 2025-12 | United States / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build |
@Godofwar1400 | Amin | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build; mutual with new personas |
@anah_eliy16154 | אֵלִיאָנָה | 2025-06 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@BnYdw60549 | עידו בן דוד | 2025-06 | United States / United States Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@KiaanLy | ליאן דהן | 2025-06 | Colombia / Colombia iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; copy of another persona's identity |
@shiraLev1990 | shiraLev | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@noam4653 | (Noam Behar) | 2025-06 | United Kingdom / Turkey iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@tairkarni | תאיר קרני | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; multiple renames |
@nwm1212529 | נועם | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@sad17651 | הדס שמואלי | 2025-06 | United States / Sweden Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; multiple renames |
@dyr884818274332 | אדיר | 2025-09 | United Kingdom / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build |
@lyrwn27345 | לירון | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T1 | Iranian app build |
@NoaCohen2021 | נועה | 2025-06 | Germany / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas; ' .. ' separator |
@Brunch1Rey | ריי ברוך | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; mutual with new personas |
@ninalavi33 | נינה לביא | 2025-06 | France / France Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; mutual with new personas |
@19Noam99 | נוֹעַם | 2025-06 | United States / Finland Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@Zwhr179038Ag | זוהר | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@ryhkhn2676401 | אריה כהן | 2025-06 | Finland / Finland iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@amirlihi6 | ליהי אמיר | 2025-06 | Germany / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@yyrmny1283771 | יאיר מני | 2025-06 | France / France iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@shimoncoh9 | שמעון כהן | 2025-06 | Finland / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@YaelLeviOr98 | In'X | 2025-06 | Finland / Finland iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@MShr10200 | גיא סהר | 2025-06 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@EitanBD99 | איתן בן־דוד | 2025-06 | France / France Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit; mutual with new personas |
@ZmyrDrwr93861 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; mutual with new personas |
@lbnwn_twm22784 | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity; non-native Hebrew |
@meital_amsallem | מיטל אמסלם | 2025-12 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; renamed 2026 |
@myrtt615 | אמיר טאט | 2024-08 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T1 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; Arabic script inside Hebrew; mutual follows with personas |
@lyby9508 | כהן ליבי | 2025-06 | United States / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@hn_yr63294 | תאיר חן | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; gender inconsistency; mutual with new personas |
@NiliEzer5 | נילי עזר | 2025-06 | Germany / United Kingdom Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity |
@yigal79740 | yigal_blum | 2024-11 | North Africa / Web | T1 | classified in September; mutual follows with personas |
@ErezShaham | Erez Shaham | 2025-09 | North America / Web | T1 | classified in September |
@omer1qa2ws3ed | קורט קוביין | 2026-05 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T1 | classified in September; synchronised retweets; created 2026 |
@aboozar894190 | אבוזר | 2024-04 | Iran / Web | T1 | based in Iran |
@lili62361795030 | lili | 2025-06 | Cyprus / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; gender inconsistency |
@Twmrzz | תומר זקן | 2025-06 | Germany / Australia iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@illia315 | קללה עליך, ביבי, אני trapped | 2025-06 | France / Netherlands Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; synchronised retweets; mutual with new personas |
@ERwtm25466 | עדן רותם | 2025-06 | United Kingdom / United States iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity |
@KishMinTuches | YUVAL LESHEM MBA |Anti Regim | 2008-12 | Israel / Web | T1 | shared text with personas; amplifies 2+ personas; mutual follows with personas |
@elyah_cohen_ | אליה כהן | 2025-06 | Belgium / Belgium Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@Nwo59757Am | נוֹעַם לֵוִין | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@ZmyrDrwr61650 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06 | Finland / Finland Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity |
@twm_lbnwn10332 | תום לבנון | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity |
@Mkargar71069 | libi cohen | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity |
@rw5787 | רות | 2025-06 | Germany / France iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@youkabedshachar | יוכבד שחר | 2025-06 | United States / United States Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; non-native Hebrew; gender inconsistency |
@binymiyn_ | בִּנְיָמִין | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; June 2025 hashtag kit |
@LhZwr38182 | אלה צור | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; copy of another persona's identity |
@EitanBenAmi22 | EitanBenAmi | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@elias24952 | אליאס חסן־אבאדי | 2025-06 | Sweden / Web | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@LihiAm95 | 🇮🇱 ליהי אמיר 🇮🇱 | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas |
@zwriy53879 | אוּרִיאֵל צוּרִיאֵל | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@FazyFry96148 | מיה שגב 🇮🇱 | 2025-02 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | copy of another persona's identity |
@eliyzwr | eliyzwr | 2025-06 | Sweden / Sweden Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@17u_70l | דָּנִיֵּאל | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@reyyaakobi | זוהר ברוך | 2025-06 | Germany / Germany Android | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas; mutual with new personas |
@Eilongeva1995 | אילון גבע | 2025-06 | France / France iOS | T1 | tied to Iran-app personas |
Appendix B: Medium-high-confidence accounts (T2)
The full list, with every indicator, is in the JSON dataset.
Account | Display name | Created | X: based in / app | Tier | Main indicators |
@zadh91053 | תום לבנו | 2025-06 | Iran / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build; based in Iran |
@maystudio20 | מאי רוזן | 2026-02 | Iran / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; created 2026 |
@tl_beer | טל | Beer Sheva | 2026-02 | Iran / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build; based in Iran; created 2026 |
@lb_wr66262 | אור לב | 2025-11 | Iran / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build; based in Iran |
@Ariel13667 | Ariel | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build; June 2025 hashtag kit; synchronised retweets |
@just_pay_attent | . | 2022-07 | United States / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build; non-native Hebrew; multiple renames |
@GoniKalin60800 | Goni kalin | 2025-11 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T2 | classified in September; mutual follows with personas; mutual with new personas |
@amyt_studio | עמית | Haifa | 2026-03 | Germany / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build; Arabic script inside Hebrew; created 2026 |
@Ruach7Elohim | Ruach Elohim | 2025-06 | Iran / United States iOS | T2 | based in Iran; June 2025 hashtag kit; synchronised retweets |
@SharonAyelet | שרוןאיילת | 2025-06 | Canada / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build; non-native Hebrew; gender inconsistency |
@HylhStyyn58437 | הילה שטיין | 2026-02 | Algeria / Algeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; created 2026; non-native Hebrew |
@BrhmSlmwn29731 | אברהם שלמון | 2025-06 | United States / Web | T2 | tied to Iran-app personas; non-native Hebrew |
@Chayaaflo | חיה לוי | 2026-03 | Israel / Web | T2 | shared text with personas; published a persona's sentence; amplifies Iranian outlet |
@NovaHirschz1 | נובה הירש | 2025-11 | North Africa / North America Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual follows with personas; multiple renames |
@ronelmalich1986 | רון אלמליח | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build; non-native Hebrew |
@Aeriel5moshe | Aeriel moshe . אריאל משה | 2026-01 | Israel / Egypt Android | T2 | third-country app build; created 2026; machine-assisted Hebrew |
@BynwZ73241 | אבינועם זורע | 2025-11 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual follows with personas; mutual with new personas |
@yrh85549429262 | שירה | 2025-06 | Germany / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build; gender inconsistency |
@Tamor1997 | Tamar1997 | 2025-06 | Italy / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build |
@AAvinoam28948 | ⭐אבשלום | 2025-11 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual follows with personas |
@EilonGolan32428 | Eilon Golaniii | 2025-06 | Poland / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build |
@esteer000 | אסתר | 2025-09 | Egypt / Kuwait Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; machine-assisted Hebrew |
@86Jacob83311 | Jacob 86 | 2025-09 | Jordan / Jordan Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; non-native Hebrew |
@trade1168249 | בלוקפי ישראלי | 2026-03 | Africa / North America iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026; mutual follows with personas |
@xhiramoletiev | xhira soletiev | 2025-06 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom iOS | T2 | tied to Iran-app personas; non-native Hebrew |
@ETwye50616 | יעקב | 2026-03 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; created 2026; follows Iranian outlet |
@OhadSeg | Ohad Segev | 2025-09 | North Africa / Web | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; multiple renames; renamed 2026 |
@SlwYlwn51061 | אילון שלו | 2025-06 | United States / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build |
@AbiygayilL69936 | אֲבִיגַיִל לֵוִי | 2025-06 | United States / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build |
@yahircain | Yahir | 2019-02 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T2 | amplifies 2+ personas; mutual follows with personas; mutual with new personas |
@j0s9f | יוסף | 2025-12 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; high-volume retweeting; mutual follows with personas |
@yael_noam | Yael Noam | 2026-03 | Iraq / Iraq Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; created 2026; follows Iranian outlet |
@israelle_am | בורגהם 🇮🇱 | 2024-09 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual with new personas |
@amir_lihi4466 | Amir Lihi | 2025-06 | Germany / Web | T2 | tied to Iran-app personas; synchronised retweets; mutual with new personas |
@Roben35647 | Roben | 2025-06 | Europe / West Asia Android | T2 | classified in September; follows Iranian outlet |
@miriamlevi25 | מרים לוי | 2025-11 | Egypt / Web | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual follows with personas |
@sypjk | עבדאללה | 2026-06 | Turkey / Turkey Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; created 2026; mutual follows with personas |
@no2mlevy | נועם לוי | 2025-12 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; high-volume retweeting; multiple renames |
@HrwnyY25387 | Yael Levi | 2026-03 | North Africa / West Asia Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; created 2026 |
@SheeraAlon | Sheera Alon | 2025-09 | Jordan / Jordan Android | T2 | classified in September; follows Iranian outlet |
@al_ghamdi71322 | רחל | 2025-06 | Yemen / Yemen Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@itsapiredery | ספיר אדרי | 2014-02 | Iraq / Iraq Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual with new personas; multiple renames |
@shiraau5 | shiraa - שירה | 2026-06 | North Africa / Web | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; created 2026; gender inconsistency |
@bukhman1472 | EyalGolanOfficial | 2026-03 | Africa / Africa Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026 |
@Rafael1993151 | Rafael | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | T2 | tied to Iran-app personas |
@YltYlws28139 | אילת | 2025-10 | West Asia / West Asia Android | T2 | classified in September |
@SiiuC5510 | אריאל | 2025-09 | Somalia / Somalia Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@KSchuster4468 | Kevin Schuster | 2026-02 | Nigeria / Nigeria iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026; mutual with new personas |
@ChiraGoldberg | chira goldberg | 2025-12 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@Oren5612 | ✡︎ Oren | צה״ל ✡︎🇮🇱 | 2026-05 | Nigeria / Nigeria iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026; multiple renames |
@ywntn27261 | יונתןאורי | 2026-03 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; created 2026 |
@lelesery | lele||ללה 🇮🇱 | 2023-06 | Turkey / Iraq Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Turkey; mutual with new personas |
@MichealCohen21 | Micheal Cohen | 2011-09 | Nigeria / Nigeria iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; non-native Hebrew; renamed 2026 |
@Samoney2004 | נעם לוי | 2024-08 | United States / Iran Android | T2 | Iranian app build |
@Ayeleteven1 | אבן איילת | 2025-09 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@avinaom3452 | Avi Noam🎗️ | 2025-02 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; follows Iranian outlet |
@yymmnnhh47 | מאיה כץ Maya Katz | 2025-10 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@Orthopedic_sur5 | Hendrik Cornelis | 2025-06 | Ghana / Ghana Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@V19A7B7NXY0xlt3 | טייס מזלט קרבי eli | 2019-01 | Israel / Israel Android | T2 | shared text with personas; mutual follows with personas; mutual with new personas |
@SapraTamar10980 | Tamar Sapra | 2024-04 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual follows with personas |
@AdirYouv33191 | Adir Youv | 2024-04 | Saudi Arabia / Saudi Arabia Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world; mutual follows with personas |
@EitanLevi27 | Eitan levi | 2026-08 | Israel / Web | T2 | shared text with personas; created since Aug 2026; mutual follows with personas |
@GsJmi27980 | Madame Noa Kirel Peretz | 2026-03 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026 |
@Noamola8p | Noamalon1 | 2026-09 | Nigeria / Israel Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created since Aug 2026; non-native Hebrew |
@Nathaniel_ben42 | Nathaniel Benjamin. נתנאל בנ | 2026-01 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026; renamed 2026 |
@Anatlevy_67 | ענת לוי | 2026-05 | Israel / Web | T2 | classified in September; created 2026; multiple renames |
@G_Evie88 | Evie Gil | 2025-11 | - / - | T2 | classified in September |
@Bynw200 | אבישג אבינועם | 2026-03 | Palestine / Israel Android | T2 | shared text with personas; created 2026 |
@tomlevanonq | לבנון תום | 2025-06 | France / France iOS | T2 | tied to Iran-app personas |
@veyafa_shaa | Working Class Hero 🟦 | 2018-02 | Israel / Israel Android | T2 | amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting; mutual follows with personas |
@MaddiBouchra | תמרה לוי | 2022-11 | North Africa / North Africa Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@HaezrachC | Haezrach Cohen 🇮🇱 🎗️ | 2019-02 | Israel / Israel Android | T2 | shared text with personas; published a persona's sentence; mutual follows with personas |
@LwyNw37980 | נועם לוי | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | T2 | tied to Iran-app personas |
@BeitHamikdash0 | בית המקדש | 2026-08 | - / - | T2 | classified in September; created since Aug 2026 |
@tarekdqgj | tarek | 2026-06 | Israel / Israel Android | T2 | created 2026; amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting |
@david_eitan5 | דוד איתן | 2025-12 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@dansh2025 | daniel | 2025-04 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@karma_ka123rma | karma | 2025-05 | Lebanon / Lebanon Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@Ad1n_07 | עדין | 2025-04 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@anthony_ja64630 | אנתוני דאגלס | 2026-03 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026 |
@IsaacZiv43 | Isaac Ziv | 2025-09 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@TamarAzulai03 | Tamar Azulai | 2026-04 | Africa / Africa Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; created 2026 |
@MayerJohns70396 | Jesse Theodores | 2025-09 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@nathanbenj020 | Nathan Benjamin | 2012-05 | Africa / North America iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; multiple renames; renamed 2026 |
@LeviNaimi58752 | Nathalie levi-Naimi | 2025-06 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@Sharon__80 | שרון | 2025-04 | West Asia / North Africa Android | T2 | third-country app build; mutual with new personas |
@EliSalim619280 | קהן כהן | 2025-06 | United States / United States Android | T2 | tied to Iran-app personas |
@Niro_life | ניר לוי | 2025-11 | - / - | T2 | classified in September |
@YossiNaim4 | יוסי נעים | 2026-01 | Israel / Egypt Android | T2 | third-country app build; created 2026; renamed 2026 |
@Adinabathsheba | Adinabathsheba 🇮🇱 | 2024-09 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; mutual follows with personas |
@FreemanMic16522 | Micheal Freeman | 2025-11 | Nigeria / Nigeria Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@lqyem_avidov | אלקיים אבידב | 2022-08 | Jordan / Jordan Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@shfy_y28082 | נֹעָה | 2025-06 | Netherlands / Netherlands iOS | T2 | tied to Iran-app personas |
@zeroonetm | גֵאָה | 2024-09 | Algeria / Web | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@AbrahamMoshe911 | אברהם משה | 2024-05 | Egypt / Egypt Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@Silkekuhne14 | Silke kuhne🇮🇱🏵️ | 2025-05 | Benin / Benin Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@A23Eitan | יהונתן | 2024-08 | Qatar / Qatar iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@70q_q09 | ישראל אור | 2023-11 | Jordan / Jordan Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Arab world |
@isaacAlon_055 | Isaac Alon | 2024-09 | Africa / West Asia iOS | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country; multiple renames |
@Noam_Levi1212 | נועם לוי (Noam Levi) | 2025-06 | France / Web | T2 | tied to Iran-app personas |
@GilaNeria88797 | Gila Neria | 2025-08 | Israel / Israel Android | T2 | amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting |
@Benno197 | Benny | 2021-11 | Israel / Israel iOS | T2 | amplifies 2+ personas; high-volume retweeting; multiple renames |
@dilges_2113 | Dragon-דילגש✹𓃵 | 2024-05 | Turkey / Turkey Android | T2 | Hebrew persona in Turkey |
@ozrekihsan9 | Alexander Sztendel | 2015-11 | Turkey / Web | T2 | Hebrew persona in Turkey |
@OmriLevi22 | עמרי לוי | 2024-12 | West Asia / North Africa Android | T2 | third-country app build; multiple renames |
@noambk98 | נועם ברקאי | 2025-07 | Israel / Egypt iOS | T2 | third-country app build |
@eliias_Adam | Maya Elias | 2013-12 | Africa / Africa Android | T2 | Hebrew persona, no-diaspora country |
@leoniko22 | Leonardo De Carpion | 2012-02 | Israel / Albania Android | T2 | published a persona's sentence; mutual follows with personas |
@Rafii_Yoav | Yoav Rafii | 2024-11 | West Asia / North Africa Android | T2 | third-country app build |
Appendix C: Shared-text catalogue (persona-to-persona matches)
First posted (UTC) | First | Later | Type | Posts |
2025-06-16 22:24 | @idmyokhdi | @dhn6877 | exact | x.com/i/status/1934738921046351904 -> x.com/i/status/1935039414167540147 |
2025-06-16 22:24 | @idmyokhdi | @NiliEzerr | near | x.com/i/status/1934738921046351904 -> x.com/i/status/1935129344906567826 |
2025-06-16 22:24 | @idmyokhdi | @NiliEzerr | near | x.com/i/status/1934738921046351904 -> x.com/i/status/1935089052358688963 |
2025-06-16 23:00 | @shahan59510 | @Illyaheydar | exact | x.com/i/status/1934747909112602693 -> x.com/i/status/1935034976702992773 |
2025-06-16 23:00 | @shahan59510 | @drorzamir1986 | exact | x.com/i/status/1934747909112602693 -> x.com/i/status/1935050914198438185 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @Carooll48629556 | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1934972100978057296 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @just_pay_attent | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1935020536154964274 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @Zoharadamm | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1935072902707073101 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @Zoharadamm | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1935072817646571770 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @ZmyrDrwr6852 | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1935054005945974888 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @NbwnRp99225 | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1935095253809139895 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @NbwnRp99225 | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1935095202529656887 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @NbwnRp99225 | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1935095135479677091 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1935152225766068585 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1935152221957800005 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @Naomilevil | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @lbnwn_twm88439 | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1935124856217166001 |
2025-06-17 11:43 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 | @Ramin37600Ramin | near | x.com/i/status/1934939837876122110 -> x.com/i/status/1935077255211876595 |
2025-06-17 11:55 | @theEzraLang | @liambenjamin40 | exact | x.com/i/status/1934942976029098049 -> x.com/i/status/1935029755847274681 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @Carooll48629556 | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1934972100978057296 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @just_pay_attent | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1935020536154964274 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @lbnwn_twm88439 | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1935124856217166001 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @Zoharadamm | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1935072902707073101 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @Zoharadamm | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1935072817646571770 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @ZmyrDrwr6852 | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1935054005945974888 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @Ramin37600Ramin | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1935077255211876595 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @NbwnRp99225 | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1935095253809139895 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @NbwnRp99225 | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1935095202529656887 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @NbwnRp99225 | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1935095135479677091 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1935152225766068585 |
2025-06-17 12:43 | @Naomilevil | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1934955066915504508 -> x.com/i/status/1935152221957800005 |
2025-06-17 13:51 | @Carooll48629556 | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1934972100978057296 -> x.com/i/status/1935152225766068585 |
2025-06-17 13:51 | @Carooll48629556 | @lbnwn_twm88439 | near | x.com/i/status/1934972100978057296 -> x.com/i/status/1935124856217166001 |
2025-06-17 13:51 | @Carooll48629556 | @Ramin37600Ramin | near | x.com/i/status/1934972100978057296 -> x.com/i/status/1935077255211876595 |
2025-06-17 13:51 | @Carooll48629556 | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1934972100978057296 -> x.com/i/status/1935152221957800005 |
2025-06-17 16:28 | @DmYlwn6457 | @EitanMalach | exact | x.com/i/status/1935011780637671662 -> x.com/i/status/1936396621887021101 |
2025-06-17 17:03 | @just_pay_attent | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1935020536154964274 -> x.com/i/status/1935152225766068585 |
2025-06-17 17:03 | @just_pay_attent | @lbnwn_twm88439 | near | x.com/i/status/1935020536154964274 -> x.com/i/status/1935124856217166001 |
2025-06-17 17:03 | @just_pay_attent | @Ramin37600Ramin | near | x.com/i/status/1935020536154964274 -> x.com/i/status/1935077255211876595 |
2025-06-17 17:03 | @just_pay_attent | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1935020536154964274 -> x.com/i/status/1935152221957800005 |
2025-06-17 17:32 | @DrwrZmyr62973 | @ymyt62000 | exact | x.com/i/status/1935027841130701193 -> x.com/i/status/1935038676028830132 |
2025-06-17 18:18 | @dhn6877 | @NiliEzerr | near | x.com/i/status/1935039414167540147 -> x.com/i/status/1935129344906567826 |
2025-06-17 18:18 | @dhn6877 | @NiliEzerr | near | x.com/i/status/1935039414167540147 -> x.com/i/status/1935089052358688963 |
2025-06-17 19:14 | @AdamIlon80 | @_nadavlevii | near | x.com/i/status/1935053522858377398 -> x.com/i/status/1935060661458931967 |
2025-06-17 19:16 | @ZmyrDrwr6852 | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1935054005945974888 -> x.com/i/status/1935152225766068585 |
2025-06-17 19:16 | @ZmyrDrwr6852 | @lbnwn_twm88439 | near | x.com/i/status/1935054005945974888 -> x.com/i/status/1935124856217166001 |
2025-06-17 19:16 | @ZmyrDrwr6852 | @Ramin37600Ramin | near | x.com/i/status/1935054005945974888 -> x.com/i/status/1935077255211876595 |
2025-06-17 19:16 | @ZmyrDrwr6852 | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1935054005945974888 -> x.com/i/status/1935152221957800005 |
2025-06-17 19:18 | @Amiinisrael | @Carooll48629556 | exact | x.com/i/status/1935054541470450116 -> x.com/i/status/1935128717250150564 |
2025-06-17 20:31 | @Zoharadamm | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1935072817646571770 -> x.com/i/status/1935152225766068585 |
2025-06-17 20:31 | @Zoharadamm | @lbnwn_twm88439 | near | x.com/i/status/1935072817646571770 -> x.com/i/status/1935124856217166001 |
2025-06-17 20:31 | @Zoharadamm | @Ramin37600Ramin | near | x.com/i/status/1935072817646571770 -> x.com/i/status/1935077255211876595 |
2025-06-17 20:31 | @Zoharadamm | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1935072817646571770 -> x.com/i/status/1935152221957800005 |
2025-06-17 20:31 | @Zoharadamm | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1935072902707073101 -> x.com/i/status/1935152225766068585 |
2025-06-17 20:31 | @Zoharadamm | @lbnwn_twm88439 | near | x.com/i/status/1935072902707073101 -> x.com/i/status/1935124856217166001 |
2025-06-17 20:31 | @Zoharadamm | @Ramin37600Ramin | near | x.com/i/status/1935072902707073101 -> x.com/i/status/1935077255211876595 |
2025-06-17 20:31 | @Zoharadamm | @Skylark4030 | near | x.com/i/status/1935072902707073101 -> x.com/i/status/1935152221957800005 |
2025-06-17 20:49 | @Ramin37600Ramin | @lbnwn_twm88439 | near | x.com/i/status/1935077255211876595 -> x.com/i/status/1935124856217166001 |
2025-06-17 20:49 | @Ramin37600Ramin | @NbwnRp99225 | near | x.com/i/status/1935077255211876595 -> x.com/i/status/1935095253809139895 |
2025-06-17 20:49 | @Ramin37600Ramin | @NbwnRp99225 | near | x.com/i/status/1935077255211876595 -> x.com/i/status/1935095202529656887 |
Appendix D: Indicator dictionary
Code | Family | Weight | Definition |
P_iran_app | P | 10 | Connects through the Iranian build of the X app |
P_based_in_iran | P | 10 | X places the account in Iran |
P_hebrew_persona_arab_world | P | 7 | Israel-facing Hebrew account that X places in an Arab country (Palestine excluded) |
P_hebrew_persona_turkey | P | 6 | Israel-facing Hebrew account that X places in Turkey |
P_hebrew_persona_accords_country | P | 3 | Israel-facing Hebrew account in the UAE, Bahrain or Morocco, where Israelis also live and travel (needs other evidence) |
P_hebrew_persona_no_diaspora | P | 5 | Israel-facing Hebrew account in a country without a plausible Israeli diaspora or travel population |
P_third_country_app_build | P | 4 | App build from the Arab world, Turkey or a no-diaspora country while located elsewhere |
P_app_region_mismatch | P | 2 | Arab-world, Turkish or no-diaspora app build used from another country (an Israeli build used abroad does not count) |
P_hebrew_persona_palestine | P | 2 | Hebrew account that X places in Palestine (Hebrew is widely spoken there) |
P_claims_israel_based_abroad | P | 1.5 | Declares an Israeli location while X places it in Europe, the Americas or a former Soviet state |
P_location_flagged_inaccurate | P | 0.5 | X flags its own location label as possibly inaccurate |
I_created_since_aug_2026 | I | 2.5 | Account created on or after 1 August 2026 |
I_created_2026 | I | 2 | Account created in 2026 (before August) |
I_created_2025 | I | 1.5 | Account created in 2025 |
I_auto_generated_handle | I | 1 | Handle of letters followed by five or more digits |
I_multiple_renames | I | 1.5 | Two or more username changes recorded by X |
I_persona_copy | I | 3 | Carries the same Israeli name as other Iran-linked accounts (Hebrew and Latin spellings matched by their consonants) |
I_renamed_2026 | I | 1.5 | Username changed in 2026 (other than at creation) |
I_lookalike_location | I | 3 | Look-alike characters in the declared location (for example 'lsrael') |
I_name_script_mismatch | I | 1 | Cyrillic or Persian-script identity publishing Hebrew politics |
I_default_avatar | I | 0.5 | Default profile image |
B_amplifies_4plus_network_accounts | B | 3 | Retweeted four or more network personas between 11 August and 11 October 2026 |
B_amplifies_multiple_network_accounts | B | 2 | Retweeted two or three network personas between 11 August and 11 October 2026 |
B_high_volume_retweet_account | B | 2 | 40 or more items a day, at least 70% of them retweets |
B_self_retweet_bursts | B | 2 | Five or more retweets of its own posts, at least 25% of its retweets |
B_reply_burst | B | 2 | Ten or more replies within ten minutes |
B_synchronized_retweets | B | 2-3 | Retweeted the same posts within 60 seconds of other accounts on at least two occasions |
C_shared_text_with_network | C | 4-5 | Published verbatim or near-verbatim text first posted by a persona, or exchanged text with personas in both directions |
C_shared_text_other | C | 1.5 | Shares verbatim text with other accounts (not personas) |
C_published_network_phrase | C | 3 | Published, after the persona, a distinctive sentence first written by a persona |
C_text_reused_by_personas | C | 3 | A foreign-located Hebrew persona whose own text personas republished verbatim (persona-to-persona relay; for accounts located in Israel or the diaspora this is only an information note) |
C_arabic_script_in_hebrew | C | 3 | Arabic or Persian letters inside Hebrew words, or Arabic punctuation in Hebrew posts |
C_double_dot_separator | C | 1 | ' .. ' separator in at least 40% of Hebrew posts (top 5% of authors in the baseline; common in ordinary Israeli posting at lower rates) |
C_persian_script_posts | C | 3 | Posts in Persian script |
C_turkish_characters | C | 1.5 | Turkish characters inside Hebrew posts |
C_foreign_trending_hashtags | C | 2 | Unrelated foreign trending hashtags appended to Hebrew posts |
C_foreign_typographic_conventions | C | 1 | Percent sign before the number, or guillemets, in Hebrew posts |
C_machine_style_hebrew | C | 2 | 15+ Hebrew posts with typographic dashes in 15%+ and the 'not X - Y' template in 6%+ (baseline 3% / 0.7%) |
C_wartime_hashtag_kit | C | 4 | Posted with the June 2025 Hebrew campaign kit: the misspelt #isreal_war together with #ביבי_לך, #לא_למלחמה, #ביבי_כלא or #אין_שקט |
C_non_native_hebrew_label | C | 2 | Content label: non-native or machine-translated Hebrew, with quoted errors |
C_gender_inconsistency_label | C | 2 | Content label: inconsistent grammatical gender in first-person Hebrew, with quoted evidence |
C_assessed_inauthentic_label | C | 1.5 | Content label: 'likely inauthentic persona' at medium or high confidence |
N_amplifies_iranian_outlet | N | 3 | Retweeted Iran's Hebrew outlets (Press TV Hebrew, Iran Hayom, Kol Hamappa, KigVoice and others) |
N_follows_iranian_outlet | N | 1.5 | Follows Iran's Hebrew outlets |
N_mutual_follow_with_network | N | 2 | Mutual follow with a network persona |
N_follows_3plus_network_accounts | N | 1.5 | Follows three or more network personas |
N_mutual_follow_with_new_personas | N | 2 | Mutual follow with a newly discovered high-tier account |
N_amplifies_new_personas | N | 1.5 | Retweeted a newly discovered high-tier account |
N_repeatedly_amplified_by_persona | N | 2.5 | A persona retweeted this small account three or more times (feeder pattern) |
N_iran_persona_network | N | 5 | Hebrew account without an Iranian label from X, located outside Israel, created during the June 2025 war and tied by follows to two or more Iran-labelled personas |
N_previously_classified | N | 6 | Classified in Golden Owl's September or early October 2026 research |
N_prior_hard_signal_sept | N | 2 | Flagged with a hard signal in Golden Owl's September 2026 research |
X_text_harvested_by_personas | X | 0 | Its own text was later republished by personas (source, not copier) |
X_phrase_source_for_personas | X | 0 | Posted a sentence before a persona did (source, not copier) |
Appendix E: Dataset fields
Field | Content |
user_id | Stable X account ID; survives handle changes |
handle / display_name / bio / declared_location | Profile as collected (11 October 2026 unless noted) |
platform_transparency | X 'About this account': based in, connected via (app build), username changes, inaccuracy flag |
location_assessment | Class of location and app build; whether the account presents as Israeli or writes Hebrew |
tier / confidence / score | Assessment; score is the sum of indicator weights; the tier follows combination rules, not the sum |
tier_adjustment | Set when a content label capped the rule-based tier (see metadata.tier_adjustments) |
indicators | Each indicator with code, family, weight and evidence (see metadata.indicator_dictionary) |
network_links | Network accounts it retweeted, follows or is followed by; persona sentences it published; Iranian outlet links |
shared_text | Text matches with partner accounts, with links to both posts and who posted first |
activity | Behaviour statistics over the collected posts |
content_labels | Structured content labels with quoted evidence and rationale (labelled accounts only) |
evidence_screenshots | Files in evidence/screenshots captured on 11 October 2026 (see manifest.json) |
iran_persona_cluster | Member of the Iran-linked Hebrew persona network (report Sections 3.4-3.9): persona accounts it is linked to, and other accounts carrying the same Israeli name |
Appendix F: Evidence sources
Each evidence item in the report, with the public links from which its screenshots were captured.
No. | Evidence item | Sources |
1 | @J_Eliyahu: transparency panel and the feminine slip | x.com/J_Eliyahu/about |
Appendix G: X transparency panels of the Iran-linked Hebrew personas
Every 'About this account' panel captured on 11 October 2026 for the reported accounts and the network around them.

Exhibit 29. X transparency panels. Page 1 of 10.

Exhibit 30. X transparency panels. Page 2 of 10.

Exhibit 31. X transparency panels. Page 3 of 10.

Exhibit 32. X transparency panels. Page 4 of 10.

Exhibit 33. X transparency panels. Page 5 of 10.

Exhibit 34. X transparency panels. Page 6 of 10.

Exhibit 35. X transparency panels. Page 7 of 10.

Exhibit 36. X transparency panels. Page 8 of 10.

Exhibit 37. X transparency panels. Page 9 of 10.

Exhibit 38. X transparency panels. Page 10 of 10.
Appendix H: Roster of the concealed Iran-linked Hebrew personas
All 326 concealed personas, as data cards and as a table. 'Hebrew' gives the account's Hebrew posts out of its recent own posts; 'Linked to' names a network account it follows or is followed by. Openly Iranian users and outlets are excluded.

Exhibit 39. Roster of concealed personas. Page 1 of 8.

Exhibit 40. Roster of concealed personas. Page 2 of 8.

Exhibit 41. Roster of concealed personas. Page 3 of 8.

Exhibit 42. Roster of concealed personas. Page 4 of 8.

Exhibit 43. Roster of concealed personas. Page 5 of 8.

Exhibit 44. Roster of concealed personas. Page 6 of 8.

Exhibit 45. Roster of concealed personas. Page 7 of 8.

Exhibit 46. Roster of concealed personas. Page 8 of 8.
Account | Display name | Created | X: based in / app | Hebrew | Linked to |
@maziarsam | גל צילום | 2014-07-03 | Singapore / Iran Android | 39/39 | - |
@Adam_123498 | אדם אילון | 2018-03-06 | Sweden / Iran Android | 3/3 | @sham10735 |
@Mohamma80063220 | NILI EZER | 2018-05-23 | Germany / Iran Android | 2/5 | - |
@mardeankabooti | אלון שטראוס | 2019-06-14 | Germany / Iran Android | 11/21 | - |
@Tzurieli1122 | יערה צוריאלי | 2020-08-06 | United States / Iran Android | 6/20 | - |
@israusa1989 | תום לבנון | 2020-08-29 | Germany / Iran Android | 38/39 | - |
@HSG1997israel | שירה גולן | 2021-04-14 | United States / Iran Android | 11/20 | - |
@Carooll48629556 | Carooll | 2021-10-21 | Germany / Iran Android | 10/10 | - |
@just_pay_attent | . | 2022-07-02 | United States / Iran Android | 12/15 | - |
@TommySh7671 | Tommy Shelby טומי שלבי | 2022-07-31 | Iran / Iran Android | 4/5 | - |
@MShyling | יָאִיר כֹּהֵן | 2022-12-01 | United Kingdom / Iran Android | 13/19 | - |
@sephiroth1369 | sephiroth | 2023-04-11 | Iran / Germany Android | 25/25 | - |
@FNamvaran85488 | אַבְרָהָם | 2023-10-28 | Germany / Iran Android | 9/20 | @NiliEzer2025 |
@mama38039 | תום לבנון | 2024-04-03 | United States / Iran Android | 20/20 | - |
@aboozar894190 | אבוזר | 2024-04-08 | Iran / Web | profile | - |
@RafaelNavvon | רפאל נבון | 2024-05-21 | United States / Iran Android | 19/19 | @rp69700 |
@miladdf05 | לירון מזרחי | 2024-07-19 | Germany / Iran Android | 6/9 | - |
@azhrh297606 | אַזהָרָה | 2024-07-30 | Iran / Iran Android | 21/34 | - |
@Samoney2004 | נעם לוי | 2024-08-08 | United States / Iran Android | profile | - |
@LHmydy13349 | sami | 2024-09-19 | Germany / Iran Android | 3/8 | @NylyZR |
@jhg50379 | הפלג המערבי | 2024-09-26 | Iran / Cyprus Android | 30/37 | - |
@ysrlys6 | נאה איסרליש | 2024-10-10 | Iran / Iran Android | profile | - |
@yq499 | יצחק | 2024-10-10 | Iran / Cyprus Android | 1/1 | - |
@yqb1126775 | יעקב | 2024-10-10 | Iran / Cyprus Android | 1/1 | - |
@ZbYym7263 | ציוצים צבאיים | 2024-10-13 | Iran / Cyprus Android | 0/1 | - |
@Rafanavon | רפאל נבון Rafael Navon | 2024-10-31 | Germany / Iran Android | 4/4 | - |
@haiimab2001 | חיים אב | 2024-11-18 | Iran / Iran Android | profile | - |
@sadeghi9036 | מיה שגב | 2024-12-24 | Netherlands / Iran Android | profile | - |
@HAfazeli66464 | נועם | 2025-01-02 | Germany / Iran Android | 3/4 | - |
@FazyFry96148 | מיה שגב | 2025-02-21 | Germany / Germany iOS | 5/34 | - |
@David_coohen | David | 2025-03-27 | United States / Iran Android | 16/29 | - |
@sara_admir | לא לעושק כן לרווחה | 2025-03-27 | United States / Iran Android | 17/26 | - |
@idmyokhdi | Or Yisha | 2025-06-13 | Germany / Iran Android | 11/13 | - |
@MMoradi95601 | לבנון Tom Levanon | 2025-06-14 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 5/6 | - |
@9h1l1 | D | 2025-06-16 | Iraq / Iran Android | 8/20 | @TamarBatYisrael |
@fjokar2543 | farshad tork jokar | 2025-06-16 | Dominican Republic / Iran Android | 8/11 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 |
@imagineafterlif | imagine it | 2025-06-16 | Finland / Iran Android | 7/18 | @Eliana526388706 |
@downwithisrael_ | לירון מזרחי | 2025-06-16 | Germany / Web | 12/19 | @israyNynh85885 |
@IamErfxn | Erf | 2025-06-16 | Poland / Poland iOS | 10/16 | @MstfyB45869 |
@zax137979 | אֲרִיאֵל | 2025-06-16 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | 6/7 | @Fatemeh82770 |
@BenZion_X | Idan Levi | 2025-06-16 | Canada / Iran Android | 9/17 | @ZmyDve |
@Amiinisrael | אמין | 2025-06-16 | France / France Android | 7/8 | @Tzurieli1122 |
@noam4653 | Noam Behar | 2025-06-16 | United Kingdom / Turkey iOS | 3/7 | @NylyZR |
@lys812407759912 | Mahla | 2025-06-16 | Germany / Germany iOS | 11/20 | @GbYlwn69903 |
@levronii | רוני לב | 2025-06-16 | Iran / United Kingdom iOS | 3/4 | @noam_iz |
@theEzraLang | Ezra Lang | 2025-06-16 | Finland / Germany iOS | 14/16 | @Carooll48629556 |
@shahan59510 | שמואל גולדשטיין | 2025-06-16 | Iran / Iran Android | 10/20 | - |
@128Colonel7472 | סמואל בלאק | 2025-06-16 | Japan / Japan Android | 11/12 | @GbYlwn69903 |
@noam_iz | Noam Yitzhaki | 2025-06-16 | Netherlands / Germany Android | 10/11 | @NylyZR |
@Levy200050 | אנה להפסיד | 2025-06-16 | Germany / Germany iOS | 14/20 | @Rafanavon |
@itsaboutworld25 | Its me | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 3/3 | @GavrielAlon1986 |
@BrhmSlmwn29731 | אברהם שלמון | 2025-06-17 | United States / Web | 7/9 | @Carooll48629556 |
@kheybaryam | omer | 2025-06-17 | Cyprus / Cyprus iOS | 3/3 | @Tzurieli1122 |
@netahadari | נטע הדרי | 2025-06-17 | Iran / United States iOS | profile | - |
@EytanLewiy36366 | אֵיתָן לֵוִי | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 4/5 | - |
@xhiramoletiev | xhira soletiev | 2025-06-17 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom iOS | 8/10 | @128Colonel7472 |
@danielkohen17 | דניאל כהן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 3/3 | @DmYlwn6457 |
@glrpl1851761 | גל רפאל | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Germany iOS | 4/7 | @Carooll48629556 |
@Rafaelroma136 | RafaelN | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 4/6 | - |
@riyl166406 | אֲרִיאֵל | 2025-06-17 | Poland / Poland iOS | 6/7 | @GbYlwn69903 |
@Omz_ktz | עומר כץ | 2025-06-17 | United Arab Emirates / United Arab Emirates Android | 15/17 | @MstfyB45869 |
@DrwrZmyr62973 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 7/9 | @EytanLewiy36366 |
@noya1811 | נויה הדר | 2025-06-17 | Sweden / Iran Android | 2/3 | - |
@hn_yr63294 | תאיר חן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 10/11 | @BrndGpn52124 |
@tom_shalev20 | תום שלו | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 3/5 | - |
@Omerkatz2025 | Omer katz | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 8/19 | @Godofwar1400 |
@BarcuchRey36664 | REY barcuch | 2025-06-17 | Moldova / Web | 2/2 | @Drorzamir67 |
@dm_ylwn83425 | אדם אילון | 2025-06-17 | Iran / Iran Android | 3/4 | - |
@DmYlwn6457 | אדם אילון | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Iran Android | 2/3 | - |
@MyhSgb26162 | מיה שגב | 2025-06-17 | France / Germany iOS | 2/3 | @netahadari |
@Mkargar71069 | libi cohen | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 4/5 | @MstfyB45869 |
@Adamlon84 | אדם אילון | 2025-06-17 | United Kingdom / Web | 3/5 | @Eitan_1999 |
@DmYlwn57582 | אדם אילון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 3/6 | - |
@narnia1794348 | narnia | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 2/2 | @Adamlon84 |
@Naomilevil | נעמי לוי | 2025-06-17 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom Android | 3/4 | @109Monzavi |
@LironMizra1990 | לירון מזרחי | Liron Mizrah | 2025-06-17 | Germany / United States iOS | 4/4 | @Reza_editor |
@LiyWor971 | לִיאוֹר | 2025-06-17 | Turkey / United States iOS | 6/6 | - |
@slw_yanai1995 | ימית שלו | 2025-06-17 | Turkey / Turkey Android | 3/4 | @Tamor1997 |
@nwa159513 | נוֹחַ | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 8/8 | - |
@LyDhn3815 | אלה צור | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Finland iOS | 12/20 | @Rafanavon |
@Twmrzz | תומר זקן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Australia iOS | 7/7 | @BrndGpn52124 |
@GwlnSyrh59984 | שירה גולן | 2025-06-17 | Switzerland / Netherlands iOS | 5/7 | @ErfanBeheshti91 |
@hbnry154918 | ֵאָה בן ארי | 2025-06-17 | Poland / Poland iOS | 18/18 | @Tzurieli1122 |
@nwm1212529 | נועם | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 2/2 | @Godofwar1400 |
@Saeedmzk | Smzk | 2025-06-17 | United Arab Emirates / Finland iOS | 3/3 | @GavrielAlon1986 |
@DanaRosen4799 | דנה רוזן Dana Rosen | 2025-06-17 | Iran / United States iOS | 10/20 | @orenavital_ |
@adamilon135 | adam ilon | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Turkey Android | 3/3 | @nyly_zr15073 |
@softco661 | יאיר מני | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 7/8 | - |
@ZmyrDrwr64216 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 4/4 | - |
@17u_70l | דָּנִיֵּאל | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 2/2 | @EytanLewiy36366 |
@GalRafaelll | גל רפאל | 2025-06-17 | United States / United States iOS | 10/10 | @HAfazeli66464 |
@lyrwn27345 | לירון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 2/2 | - |
@LwyNw33475 | נועה כהן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Turkey iOS | 6/7 | @Carooll48629556 |
@yamit_army | ימית שלו | 2025-06-17 | Iran / Iran Android | 15/15 | @KiaanLy |
@lbnwn_twm88439 | תום לבנון | 2025-06-17 | Belgium / United States iOS | 6/14 | @SlwYlwn51061 |
@LynwrR61737 | אלינור רום | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Finland iOS | 3/4 | @Godofwar1400 |
@ERwtm25466 | עדן רותם | 2025-06-17 | United Kingdom / United States iOS | 2/3 | @Omz_ktz |
@abedy_mehr47491 | אַרְיֵה | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 16/18 | - |
@AdamIlon80 | אדם אילון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 4/5 | @nyly_zr15073 |
@LhZwr38182 | אלה צור | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands iOS | 2/2 | @FNamvaran85488 |
@eden_rotem | Eden rotem | 2025-06-17 | Finland / United States iOS | 5/11 | @Rafaelroma136 |
@Tesla_936546 | דניאל דגן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 3/8 | @nyly_zr15073 |
@Libiyt | ליבי כהן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / United States iOS | 9/10 | @Eitan_1999 |
@NylyZR | נילי עזר | 2025-06-17 | Turkey / Iran Android | 9/9 | - |
@Nina2000lavi | Nina | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 10/19 | @GbYlwn69903 |
@prz_ydw22732 | עידו פרץ | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 10/11 | - |
@lbnwn_twm33566 | Tom | 2025-06-17 | Canada / Iran Android | 2/5 | @liambenyamin |
@illia315 | קללה עליך ביבי אני trapped | 2025-06-17 | France / Netherlands Android | profile | @beni_harum |
@Adamianilonian | אדם אילון | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Finland iOS | 12/13 | @DmYlwn6457 |
@YonatanLevi1996 | Yonatan Levi | 2025-06-17 | France / France Android | 18/19 | @BrndGpn52124 |
@KiaanLy | ליאן דהן | 2025-06-17 | Colombia / Colombia iOS | 2/3 | @GavrielAlon1986 |
@liambenyamin | ליאם בנימין | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 5/5 | @DmYlwn57582 |
@Zoharadamm | תום לבנון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 5/5 | @FazyFry96148 |
@idoperetz1313 | עידו פרץ | 2025-06-17 | Turkey / Iran Android | 2/2 | - |
@ryhkhn2676401 | אריה כהן | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Finland iOS | 2/2 | @Eitan_1999 |
@Nomaarseni | Noma | 2025-06-17 | United Kingdom / Iran Android | 3/5 | @Tzurieli1122 |
@DwdBn43162 | דוד בן גוריון | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | 3/10 | @LihiAm95 |
@Brunch1Rey | ריי ברוך | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 10/17 | @DavidBenYishaii |
@BnYdw60549 | עידו בן דוד | 2025-06-17 | United States / United States Android | 3/3 | @DavidBenYishaii |
@sad17651 | הדס שמואלי | 2025-06-17 | United States / Sweden Android | 2/2 | @noya1811 |
@NinaL97619 | Nina lavi | 2025-06-17 | United States / Germany iOS | 17/20 | @9h1l1 |
@ZoharYaakobi1 | זוהר יעקובי | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 6/6 | @israeliranwar1 |
@ZmyDve | דוד זמיר | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | 2/2 | @109Monzavi |
@l_wry2894 | אוריאל לוי-בר | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Iran Android | 4/4 | - |
@AdamIlon28 | אדם אילון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 3/3 | @DgnYh45890p |
@TomLevanon_ | תום לבנון Tom Levanon | 2025-06-17 | Afghanistan / Afghanistan Android | 10/10 | @BrndGpn52124 |
@elyah_cohen_ | אליה כהן | 2025-06-17 | Belgium / Belgium Android | 5/5 | - |
@ninalavi33 | נינה לביא | 2025-06-17 | France / France Android | 15/17 | @BrndGpn52124 |
@EitanBD99 | איתן בן־דוד | 2025-06-17 | France / France Android | 2/2 | @israyNynh85885 |
@lbnwn_twm73649 | תום לבנון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 5/5 | @Godofwar1400 |
@Rivka_Levi1989 | רִבְקָה לֵוִי | 2025-06-17 | United Arab Emirates / Web | 11/11 | @ErfanBeheshti91 |
@Noam_Behar3003 | נועם בכר | 2025-06-17 | United States / Iran Android | 3/3 | @Ella_Tzur |
@rh_ly10319 | יערה צוריאלי | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 3/3 | @noya1811 |
@MyqhZ33553 | מיקה זהבי | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 2/3 | @DavidBenYishaii |
@LeAmiy65024 | לֵאוֹרָה בֶּן־עַמִּי | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 4/5 | @LibiCohen31 |
@LwyNw37980 | נועם לוי | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | 6/9 | @Godofwar1400 |
@GavrielAlon1986 | GAVREILגַּבְרִיאֵל | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 6/7 | - |
@ArtaHirad95365 | אלי פלד | 2025-06-17 | Europe / West Asia Android | 14/20 | @MstfyB45869 |
@Illyaheydar | איליה חיידר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 3/3 | @Tzurieli1122 |
@WmrKz36792 | עומר כץ | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 8/8 | - |
@LwyNw9629 | נועם לוי | 2025-06-17 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom iOS | 14/14 | @FazelZiaaa |
@luckyariel93 | אֲרִיאֵל לֵוִי | 2025-06-17 | Iran / Iran Android | 19/20 | - |
@Eilongeva1995 | אילון גבע | 2025-06-17 | France / France iOS | profile | @TommySh7671 |
@AbiygayilL69936 | אֲבִיגַיִל לֵוִי | 2025-06-17 | United States / Iran Android | profile | @EitanBenAmi22 |
@elias24952 | אליאס חסן־אבאדי | 2025-06-17 | Sweden / Web | profile | - |
@SlwYlwn51061 | אילון שלו | 2025-06-17 | United States / Iran Android | profile | - |
@LevanonThomas | תום לבנון-Thomas Levanon | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Iran Android | 11/18 | - |
@tairkarni | תאיר קרני | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 2/2 | @HAfazeli66464 |
@YamitShalev00 | ימית שלו | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 3/6 | @DavidBenYishaii |
@TomShalev121 | תום שלו | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 15/15 | - |
@milla66tamar | מילה | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 8/9 | @yamitshalev0 |
@lbnwn_twm22784 | תום לבנון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 2/3 | @Drorzamir67 |
@Tamor1997 | Tamar1997 | 2025-06-17 | Italy / Iran Android | 19/20 | - |
@67RafaelNavon | רפאל נבון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 7/18 | @BnymynQrny46021 |
@lyby9508 | כהן ליבי | 2025-06-17 | United States / United States iOS | 17/19 | @Jacoblevi1997 |
@binymiyn_ | בִּנְיָמִין | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands iOS | 2/2 | @9h1l1 |
@noalevi__ | נועה | 2025-06-17 | Finland / United States iOS | 9/9 | @mama38039 |
@ZmyrDrwr61650 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Finland Android | 3/3 | @MstfyB45869 |
@amirlihi6 | ליהי אמיר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / United States iOS | 4/4 | @Godofwar1400 |
@beni_harum | בנימין רוצח הילדים | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | profile | - |
@109Monzavi | רפאל נבון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 10/18 | - |
@lbnwn_twm78619 | תום לבנון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / United States iOS | 14/20 | @EytanLewiy36366 |
@StrnMry50491 | עמרי שטרן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 5/5 | @SlwTwm54688 |
@NiliEzer5 | נילי עזר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / United Kingdom Android | 6/7 | @TommySh7671 |
@shiraLev1990 | shiraLev | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 11/13 | @DmYlwn57582 |
@tomlevanonq | לבנון תום | 2025-06-17 | France / France iOS | 7/11 | @NylyZR |
@dhn6877 | ליאן דהן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 5/6 | - |
@DmYlwn1989 | אדם אילון | 2025-06-17 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom Android | 6/7 | @MstfyB45869 |
@NiliEzer35 | נילי עזר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Cyprus iOS | profile | @mama38039 |
@LynwrR79291 | אלינור רום | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 6/8 | @EytanLewiy36366 |
@hwd_l96 | הוד בר־לב | 2025-06-17 | Europe / West Asia Android | 16/18 | @Tzurieli1122 |
@Rafael1993151 | Rafael | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | 10/12 | @ZmyDve |
@NiliEzer2025 | נילי עזר | 2025-06-17 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom iOS | 4/9 | @TomShalev121 |
@Rafael31333 | רפאל נבון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / United States iOS | 17/20 | @nyly_zr15073 |
@gpn75803 | גפן ברנד | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 4/4 | - |
@SlwTwm54688 | תום שלו | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 9/10 | - |
@TamarShachar | תמר שחר | 2025-06-17 | Iran / Iran Android | 5/5 | @DwdBn43162 |
@n81796_nade | רפאל עזר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 2/5 | @DmYlwn6457 |
@rp69700 | רפאל נבון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 5/9 | @DavidBenYishaii |
@mry21170 | עמרי שטרן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Web | 9/10 | @TommySh7671 |
@ShahoShokr31651 | נילי עזר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 6/6 | @LynwrR79291 |
@BnymynQrny46021 | בנימין קרני | 2025-06-17 | Bulgaria / Web | 4/12 | @luckyariel93 |
@LihiAm95 | ליהי אמיר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | profile | @Rafaelroma136 |
@GbYlwn69903 | שירה | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 3/3 | - |
@dearleora | Leora | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 8/12 | - |
@_nadavlevii | נדב הלוי | 2025-06-17 | Turkey / Turkey iOS | 6/6 | @NylyZR |
@Zwhr179038Ag | זוהר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 4/6 | @EytanLewiy36366 |
@ZrNyly82366 | נילי עזר | 2025-06-17 | Iran / Iran Android | 12/12 | - |
@LibiCohen31 | Libi Cohen | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Web | 9/13 | @LioraNetanyahu |
@cohenroni167 | roni | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Finland Android | 12/14 | @Tzurieli1122 |
@MyqhZ68913 | מיקה זהבי | 2025-06-17 | Hong Kong / Turkey iOS | 4/4 | @Tzurieli1122 |
@EitanBenAmi22 | EitanBenAmi | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 7/8 | @MstfyB45869 |
@Stella241139286 | Stella | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 5/5 | @gpn75803 |
@omristernnn | עמרי שטרן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 4/4 | - |
@ZmyrDrwr93861 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | 3/3 | @ZrNyly82366 |
@yrh85549429262 | שירה | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 3/3 | - |
@tom16180Slw | תום שלו | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Web | 7/14 | @DavidBenYishaii |
@nw95157 | נועם לוי | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Web | 4/4 | @Rafanavon |
@HannahShal2000 | Hannah Shalev | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | 4/4 | @Levy200050 |
@BrndGpn52124 | גפן ברנד | 2025-06-17 | France / Iran Android | 7/9 | - |
@chaim8279 | חַיִּים | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | 8/11 | @Jacoblevi1997 |
@Noam1992B | נועם בכר | 2025-06-17 | United States / France Android | 18/18 | @HSG1997israel |
@LioraNetanyahu | לִיאוֹרָה נְתַנְיָהוּ | 2025-06-17 | United States / Iran Android | 10/12 | - |
@Amircohenn | עמיר כהן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 2/3 | @DmYlwn7784 |
@twmlbnwn067 | תום לבנון | 2025-06-17 | Iran / United States iOS | 4/6 | - |
@drorzamir1986 | גיא סהר | 2025-06-17 | Austria / Austria Android | 3/3 | @gpn75803 |
@DgnYh45890p | מאיה דגן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 19/20 | @Noa_Eliyaho_ |
@yamitshalev0 | ימית שלו | 2025-06-17 | Iraq / Iraq Android | 14/15 | @ErfanBeheshti91 |
@shamisagurin | ליאן דהן | 2025-06-17 | United States / Web | 2/4 | @Tzurieli1122 |
@Ariel13667 | Ariel | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 3/3 | @NiliEzer35 |
@Ruach_Elohim012 | דוד | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 10/20 | - |
@glrpl132519 | גל רפאל | 2025-06-17 | Turkey / Turkey Android | profile | @NylyZR |
@Noa_Eliyaho_ | נעה־אליהו | 2025-06-17 | Sweden / Iran Android | 5/5 | - |
@KhrsndYara38713 | זוהר יעקובי Zohar Yaakobi | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 3/3 | @Godofwar1400 |
@Galrafael162766 | Gal rafael גל רפאל | 2025-06-17 | Germany / United States iOS | 3/5 | @TommySh7671 |
@riyl196610 | אֲרִיאֵל | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 7/9 | @ZmyDve |
@Ruach7Elohim | Ruach Elohim | 2025-06-17 | Iran / United States iOS | 4/4 | - |
@RoniLev497106 | Roni Lev | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 9/11 | @HSG1997israel |
@anah_eliy16154 | אֵלִיאָנָה | 2025-06-17 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom iOS | 5/8 | @Eliana526388706 |
@dwid562953 | דָּוִד | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 18/18 | - |
@TaliaBarShalom | טליה בר שלום | 2025-06-17 | Poland / Poland Android | 4/5 | @DmYlwn6457 |
@NbwnRp1998 | רפאל נבון | 2025-06-17 | United Kingdom / Iran Android | profile | @YonatanLevi1996 |
@liambenjamin40 | ליאם בנימין | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | 4/4 | @DavidBenYishaii |
@hadari_neta | Neta Hadari | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 4/4 | @SlwYlwn51061 |
@eli_peled1993 | אלי פלד Eli Peled | 2025-06-17 | Turkey / Turkey iOS | 6/8 | @LiyWor971 |
@myh_vv | מיה שגב | 2025-06-17 | United States / Iran Android | 3/3 | - |
@israyNynh85885 | נינה לביא | 2025-06-17 | Canada / Iran Android | 11/11 | - |
@ghafari_mo13408 | Yamit Shalev. ימית שלו | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 8/14 | - |
@19Noam99 | נוֹעַם | 2025-06-17 | United States / Finland Android | 7/7 | @dwid562953 |
@tomshalev241778 | tom shalev | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 2/2 | @mmaminamani |
@amir_lihi4466 | Amir Lihi | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Web | profile | @mama38039 |
@EitanMizrahi11 | איתן מזרחי | 2025-06-17 | Turkey / Turkey Android | 6/18 | @Tzurieli1122 |
@Drorzamir67 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Romania Android | 3/3 | @Eliana526388706 |
@Ella_Tzur | Ella Tzur | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Web | 15/17 | @Ruach_Elohim012 |
@YaIyr71302 | יָאִיר | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Web | 9/11 | @Eitan_1999 |
@Edenlavii | Eden lavi | 2025-06-17 | United States / Iran Android | 9/10 | - |
@netahadari95 | נטע הדרי | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 6/16 | - |
@Mikazhava | מיקה זהבי | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 7/11 | @Rafanavon |
@Jacoblevi1997 | יַעֲקֹב לֵוִי | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 13/15 | - |
@ymyt62000 | ימית שלו | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 18/19 | @HSG1997israel |
@Eliana526388706 | Eliana | 2025-06-17 | Iran / Iran Android | 4/5 | - |
@ZmyrDrwr6852 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 6/6 | @SlwTwm54688 |
@LbyNynh45121 | נינה לביא | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 4/4 | - |
@TamarBatYisrael | תמר בת ישראל | 2025-06-17 | Belgium / Web | 12/23 | - |
@eliyzwr | eliyzwr | 2025-06-17 | Sweden / Sweden Android | 8/10 | @hadas_1996 |
@SharonAyelet | שרוןאיילת | 2025-06-17 | Canada / Iran Android | 8/8 | @TamarBatYisrael |
@orenavital_ | אביטל אורן | 2025-06-17 | Germany / United Kingdom iOS | 4/4 | @HannahShal2000 |
@eitanmor37036 | Yonatan Keidar | 2025-06-17 | United States / Web | 14/14 | @Edenlavii |
@DavidBenYishaii | דוד בן ישי | 2025-06-17 | Iran / Web | 5/5 | - |
@YonatanSha48473 | יונתן שלו | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 4/5 | - |
@Shiralevi6699 | Shira levi | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 8/10 | @BrhmSlmwn29731 |
@mwmd735503 | נועה | 2025-06-17 | France / France iOS | 17/20 | @Reza_editor |
@lili62361795030 | lili | 2025-06-17 | Cyprus / Web | 7/12 | @Tzurieli1122 |
@adamilanor72511 | Adam ilanor | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 7/8 | - |
@TomLevanon1993 | תום לבנון | 2025-06-17 | Iran / Iran Android | 6/6 | - |
@EilonGolan32428 | Eilon Golaniii | 2025-06-17 | Poland / Iran Android | 10/14 | @elias24952 |
@Eitan_1999 | איתן | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Iran Android | 18/20 | - |
@Nwo59757Am | נוֹעַם לֵוִין | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 3/3 | @YonatanSha48473 |
@mega_night123 | simone | 2025-06-17 | Bulgaria / Web | 5/6 | @DmYlwn57582 |
@NinaL29416 | . נינה לביא Nina Lavi | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 13/14 | @Mikazhava |
@yw18880 | יואב מזרחי | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany iOS | 3/3 | @Fatemeh82770 |
@zadh91053 | תום לבנו | 2025-06-17 | Iran / Iran Android | 12/12 | @elias24952 |
@yyrmny1283771 | יאיר מני | 2025-06-17 | France / France iOS | 18/20 | @Amircohenn |
@LianDahan69 | ליאן דהן | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | 3/3 | @GbYlwn69903 |
@Ramin37600Ramin | Ramin | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands iOS | 5/7 | @LiyWor971 |
@Fatemeh82770 | נועה לוי | 2025-06-17 | Iran / Iran Android | 4/5 | - |
@TamarGoldb1996 | Tamar Goldberg | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 2/2 | @Tom1994Levanon |
@DmYlwn7784 | אדם אילון | 2025-06-17 | Turkey / Turkey iOS | 2/2 | @mikameli11 |
@mikameli11 | מיכמלי | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 5/8 | - |
@AmiNoam8 | Noam Ben-Ami | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 2/2 | @Adam_123498 |
@YaelLeviOr98 | In'X | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Finland iOS | 3/5 | @dwid562953 |
@AskndryBhb99778 | behbood | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Hungary Android | 2/2 | @LynwrR61737 |
@Noam_Levi1212 | נועם לוי Noam Levi | 2025-06-17 | France / Web | profile | @NylyZR |
@shfy_y28082 | נֹעָה | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands iOS | 4/4 | @ErfanBeheshti91 |
@Twm59761Slw | תום שלו | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Finland iOS | 14/14 | @MstfyB45869 |
@lbnwn1573 | תום לבנון | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iran Android | 11/12 | - |
@liyh352327 | אֵלִיָּהוּ | 2025-06-17 | United States / Iran Android | 5/11 | @MstfyB45869 |
@NiliEzerr | Nili Ezer | 2025-06-17 | France / Iran Android | 6/6 | - |
@youkabedshachar | יוכבד שחר | 2025-06-17 | United States / United States Android | 3/3 | @MiladMikaeili |
@NoamLV333 | נוֹעַם לֵוִי | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Germany Android | 6/6 | @DmYlwn57582 |
@NiliEzerOficial | נילי עזר | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands iOS | 2/2 | @Adam_123498 |
@NbwnRp99225 | רפאל נבון | 2025-06-17 | United States / United States iOS | 5/5 | @MiladMikaeili |
@mikazahavi1999 | Mika Zahavi | 2025-06-17 | United States / United States iOS | 3/3 | @Adam_123498 |
@hadas_1996 | רפאל נבון | 2025-06-17 | United States / Iran Android | 6/6 | - |
@sham10735 | שִׁמְשׁוֹן | 2025-06-17 | United States / United States Android | 7/20 | @DavidBenYishaii |
@KamkarDani47005 | דָּנִיֵּאל | 2025-06-17 | Netherlands / Netherlands Android | 3/7 | @SlwTwm54688 |
@shimoncoh9 | שמעון כהן | 2025-06-17 | Finland / Web | 2/2 | @DavidBenYishaii |
@yairmani1990 | יאיר מני | 2025-06-17 | Germany / Iraq iOS | 6/7 | @9h1l1 |
@rw5787 | רות | 2025-06-17 | Germany / France iOS | 6/10 | @Skylark4030 |
@EitanMalach | אֵיתָן מַלְאָךְ | 2025-06-17 | United States / Iran Android | 3/5 | @Adamianilonian |
@mayasegev_1996 | מיה שגב | 2025-06-17 | Czech Republic / Iran Android | 14/16 | - |
@libicohenone | libi cohen | 2025-06-17 | Turkey / Iran Android | 6/6 | - |
@ZmyrDrwr57113 | דרור זמיר | 2025-06-17 | Estonia / Estonia Android | 3/3 | @Carooll48629556 |
@MShr10200 | גיא סהר | 2025-06-18 | United Kingdom / United Kingdom iOS | 2/2 | @Carooll48629556 |
@elinorcohenl | אלינור כהן | 2025-06-18 | Germany / Germany iOS | 6/6 | @Eitan_1999 |
@nyly_zr15073 | נילי עזר | 2025-06-18 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 6/6 | - |
@Skylark4030 | דרור זמיר Dror Zamir | 2025-06-18 | Germany / Iran Android | 2/5 | - |
@ronelmalich1986 | רון אלמליח | 2025-06-18 | Germany / Iran Android | 14/14 | @Ella_Tzur |
@reyyaakobi | זוהר ברוך | 2025-06-18 | Germany / Germany Android | 3/4 | @ErfanBeheshti91 |
@EliSalim619280 | קהן כהן | 2025-06-18 | United States / United States Android | 12/13 | @ErfanBeheshti91 |
@twm_lbnwn10332 | תום לבנון | 2025-06-18 | Germany / Germany iOS | 3/3 | @GavrielAlon1986 |
@Hershel3030 | Hershel | 2025-06-18 | Romania / Romania Android | 5/7 | @ErfanBeheshti91 |
@Mehrdad0322 | מִהְרְדַ | 2025-06-18 | Australia / Iran Android | 2/6 | @ErfanBeheshti91 |
@aab368276 | נועה שחר | 2025-06-18 | United States / United States Android | 2/4 | @GavrielAlon1986 |
@LyPld16375 | אלי פלד | 2025-06-18 | Germany / Germany iOS | 5/5 | @GavrielAlon1986 |
@Ssss620485Aaaa | רפאל נבון | 2025-06-18 | Germany / Germany Android | 2/3 | @128Colonel7472 |
@zwriy53879 | אוּרִיאֵל צוּרִיאֵל | 2025-06-18 | Germany / Germany Android | profile | @dwid562953 |
@NoaCohen2021 | נועה | 2025-06-18 | Germany / Web | 5/6 | @DavidBenYishaii |
@AMAJ_JUDAH | טליהמשמר אריה יהודה | 2025-07-01 | United States / Iran Android | 31/36 | - |
@Idan_barne | idan | 2025-07-17 | United States / Iran Android | 12/15 | - |
@MBa2021296 | יואב | 2025-08-30 | Germany / Iran Android | 17/37 | - |
@dyr884818274332 | אדיר | 2025-09-10 | United Kingdom / Iran Android | profile | - |
@lb_wr66262 | אור לב | 2025-11-03 | Iran / Iran Android | profile | - |
@bencc2000 | Benrood | 2025-11-23 | Spain / Iran Android | 33/33 | - |
@niralevi1990a | נירה לוי | 2025-12-25 | United States / Iran Android | 2/3 | - |
@NetanyahUnseen | Benjamin Netanyahu | 2026-02-02 | Iran / Web | 28/37 | - |
@yvabprydmn | יואב | 2026-02-19 | Germany / Iran Android | 22/36 | - |
@Thearmy55518041 | טל פרידמן | 2026-02-19 | United States / Iran Android | 32/38 | - |
@tl_beer | טל | Beer Sheva | 2026-02-20 | Iran / Iran Android | 10/20 | - |
@maystudio20 | מאי רוזן | 2026-02-20 | Iran / Iran Android | 23/39 | - |
@vabhzn | yvab.hzn | 2026-02-25 | Iran / Iran Android | 28/34 | - |
@amyt_studio | עמית | Haifa | 2026-03-07 | Germany / Iran Android | 26/37 | - |
@cohen58018 | cohen | 2026-03-12 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 2/2 | @presstvhebrew |
@marridalenno12 | marrida lenno | 2026-05-09 | Netherlands / Iran Android | 21/28 | - |
@tlmqr1990 | טלסי מקאר | 2026-07-26 | Germany / Iran Android | 17/20 | - |
@tl__9800 | טלBeer | 2026-08-18 | Germany / Iran Android | 9/9 | - |

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